If I define the Kolakoski Sequence as
kolakoski :: () -> [Int]
kolakoski () = 1 : 2 : helper ()
where
helper () = 2 : concat (zipWith replicate (helper ()) (cycle [1, 2]))
and find the 500,000,000th term with
kolakoski () !! 500000000
I find that when compiled with ghc -O this quickly consumes vast amounts of memory. But with optimizations turned off it uses virtually nothing. Which optimization is causing this and how do I turn it off?
Let's compare actual numbers. Your version of kolakoski uses about 70k if run without optimization:
$ ghc --make Kolakoski-Unit && ./Kolakoski-Unit +RTS -s
2
288,002,359,096 bytes allocated in the heap
1,343,933,816 bytes copied during GC
67,576 bytes maximum residency (422 sample(s))
52,128 bytes maximum slop
2 MB total memory in use (0 MB lost due to fragmentation)
Tot time (elapsed) Avg pause Max pause
Gen 0 551615 colls, 0 par 1.89s 2.30s 0.0000s 0.0001s
Gen 1 422 colls, 0 par 0.02s 0.02s 0.0001s 0.0001s
INIT time 0.00s ( 0.00s elapsed)
MUT time 37.34s ( 37.25s elapsed)
GC time 1.91s ( 2.33s elapsed)
EXIT time 0.00s ( 0.00s elapsed)
Total time 39.25s ( 39.58s elapsed)
%GC time 4.9% (5.9% elapsed)
Alloc rate 7,712,197,063 bytes per MUT second
Productivity 95.1% of total user, 94.3% of total elapsed
With optimization, it uses about ~4GB (althhough the actual memory usage in the task manager goes up to ~6GB).
$ ghc --make Kolakoski-Unit -O && ./Kolakoski-Unit +RTS -s
2
64,000,066,608 bytes allocated in the heap
27,971,527,816 bytes copied during GC
3,899,031,480 bytes maximum residency (34 sample(s))
91,679,728 bytes maximum slop
9549 MB total memory in use (0 MB lost due to fragmentation)
Tot time (elapsed) Avg pause Max pause
Gen 0 122806 colls, 0 par 8.67s 9.48s 0.0001s 0.0148s
Gen 1 34 colls, 0 par 11.55s 69.78s 2.0524s 56.2970s
INIT time 0.00s ( 0.00s elapsed)
MUT time 8.80s ( 8.43s elapsed)
GC time 20.22s ( 79.26s elapsed)
EXIT time 0.03s ( 0.89s elapsed)
Total time 29.05s ( 88.58s elapsed)
%GC time 69.6% (89.5% elapsed)
Alloc rate 7,275,318,406 bytes per MUT second
Productivity 30.4% of total user, 10.0% of total elapsed
If we use a list based version and no optimization, the memory consumption is very similar to the one with optimizations enabled:
kolakoskiList :: [Int]
kolakoskiList = 1 : 2 : helper
where
helper = 2 : concat (zipWith replicate helper (cycle [1, 2]))
$ ghc --make Kolakoski-List && ./Kolakoski-List +RTS -s
2
96,000,143,328 bytes allocated in the heap
26,615,974,536 bytes copied during GC
3,565,429,808 bytes maximum residency (34 sample(s))
83,610,688 bytes maximum slop
8732 MB total memory in use (0 MB lost due to fragmentation)
Tot time (elapsed) Avg pause Max pause
Gen 0 184252 colls, 0 par 9.98s 10.16s 0.0001s 0.0006s
Gen 1 34 colls, 0 par 10.45s 21.61s 0.6357s 12.0792s
INIT time 0.00s ( 0.00s elapsed)
MUT time 12.02s ( 11.88s elapsed)
GC time 20.44s ( 31.77s elapsed)
EXIT time 0.05s ( 0.69s elapsed)
Total time 32.50s ( 44.34s elapsed)
%GC time 62.9% (71.7% elapsed)
Alloc rate 7,989,608,807 bytes per MUT second
Productivity 37.1% of total user, 27.2% of total elapsed
Now, we can check the GHC flag reference for the flags that get automatically set on -O. Since the list version seems to do the same thing as the optimized one, one might think that GHC transforms kolakoski to kolakoskiList:
kolakoskiOptimized _ = kolakoskiList
Let's check this in core with -ddump-simpl -dsupress-all:
==================== Tidy Core ====================
Result size of Tidy Core = {terms: 45, types: 30, coercions: 0}
kolakoski
kolakoski =
\ ds_d10r ->
case ds_d10r of _ { () ->
: (I# 1)
(: (I# 2)
(letrec {
helper_aNo
helper_aNo =
\ ds1_d10s ->
case ds1_d10s of _ { () ->
: (I# 2)
(concat
(zipWith
(replicate) (helper_aNo ()) (cycle (: (I# 1) (: (I# 2) ([]))))))
}; } in
helper_aNo ()))
}
main
main = print $fShowInt (!! (kolakoski ()) (I# 500000000))
main
main = runMainIO main
Even if you're not familiar with GHC's core, you can see that kolakoski is mostly the same as your original version. Now compare this with -O -ddump-simpl -dsupress-all:
==================== Tidy Core ====================
Result size of Tidy Core = {terms: 125, types: 102, coercions: 9}
kolakoski6
kolakoski6 = I# 1
kolakoski5
kolakoski5 = I# 2
Rec {
go_r1NG
go_r1NG =
\ ds_a14B _ys_a14C ->
case ds_a14B of _ {
[] -> [];
: ipv_a14H ipv1_a14I ->
case _ys_a14C of _ {
[] -> [];
: ipv2_a14O ipv3_a14P ->
case ipv_a14H of _ { I# n#_a13J ->
case tagToEnum# (<=# n#_a13J 0) of _ {
False ->
let {
lvl2_s1N3
lvl2_s1N3 = : ipv2_a14O ([]) } in
letrec {
xs_a1LH
xs_a1LH =
\ m_a1LO ->
case tagToEnum# (<=# m_a1LO 1) of _ {
False -> : ipv2_a14O (xs_a1LH (-# m_a1LO 1));
True -> lvl2_s1N3
}; } in
++ (xs_a1LH n#_a13J) (go_r1NG ipv1_a14I ipv3_a14P);
True -> ++ ([]) (go_r1NG ipv1_a14I ipv3_a14P)
}
}
}
}
end Rec }
lvl_r1NH
lvl_r1NH = : kolakoski5 ([])
lvl1_r1NI
lvl1_r1NI = : kolakoski6 lvl_r1NH
Rec {
xs'_r1NJ
xs'_r1NJ = ++ lvl1_r1NI xs'_r1NJ
end Rec }
Rec {
kolakoski3
kolakoski3 = : kolakoski5 kolakoski4
kolakoski4
kolakoski4 = go_r1NG kolakoski3 xs'_r1NJ
end Rec }
kolakoski2
kolakoski2 = : kolakoski5 kolakoski3
kolakoski1
kolakoski1 = : kolakoski6 kolakoski2
kolakoski
kolakoski = \ ds_d13p -> case ds_d13p of _ { () -> kolakoski1 }
This version contains several top-level CAFs, which are being retained for the lifetime of the program. So you really generate the list up to the 500,000,000th value and save it.
Now, what happened there? Something that was inside of your function floated outwards. Let's check the flag reference again. There's a promising flag, which is implied by -O:
-ffull-lazinessTurn on full laziness (floating bindings outwards). Implied by-O.
And that's the flag that lead to your problems. Indeed, you can use ghc --make -O -fno-full-laziness Kolakoski-Unit.hs to get your original memory consumption:
$ ghc --make Kolakoski-Unit.hs -O -fno-full-laziness && ./Kolakoski-Unit +RTS -s
2
192,001,417,688 bytes allocated in the heap
637,962,464 bytes copied during GC
66,104 bytes maximum residency (151 sample(s))
43,448 bytes maximum slop
2 MB total memory in use (0 MB lost due to fragmentation)
Tot time (elapsed) Avg pause Max pause
Gen 0 368364 colls, 0 par 1.34s 1.32s 0.0000s 0.0002s
Gen 1 151 colls, 0 par 0.00s 0.01s 0.0001s 0.0003s
INIT time 0.00s ( 0.00s elapsed)
MUT time 27.89s ( 28.13s elapsed)
GC time 1.34s ( 1.33s elapsed)
EXIT time 0.00s ( 0.00s elapsed)
Total time 29.25s ( 29.46s elapsed)
%GC time 4.6% (4.5% elapsed)
Alloc rate 6,884,084,443 bytes per MUT second
Productivity 95.4% of total user, 94.7% of total elapsed
