Okay, I found the answer to my question and also the reason I didn't understand the answer posted before.
1.) The file you are looking to modify is the global styles.xml, found in:
main>res>values>style.xml
If you already chose a theme for your app in the design window of your main activity, the file will already contain:
<resources>
<!-- Base application theme. -->
<style name="AppTheme" parent="android:Theme.Holo.Light.DarkActionBar">
<!-- Customize your theme here. -->
</resources>
As the comment says, there you can customize your app.
Add the styles you want, like tomrozb's answer suggests:
https://stackoverflow.com/a/16407123/3910425
then add the theme to the AndroidManifest.xml, if it isn't already there.
<application android:theme="@style/AppTheme" >
The part AppTheme corresponds to the style name in the styles.xml.
My biggest problem was that I didn't know which files to add what to. So now I get it and I hope maybe somebody else will find this helpful, too :)