I am not sure that it is the best known algorithm (actually I am more sure that there are better and known ones), but I am sure this solution should work.
The idea is to do a "reduction" of the problem into a problem of polygon clipping into a clipping area (i.e. convert the problem into a different one and solve it with an algorithm that solves the new problem). Do the reduction such that:
- If you finally got some parts of the polygon left inside the clipping area - then there is an intersection
- If you finally have an empty set of polygon-vertices - i.e. you got nothing inside the clipping area - then there is no intersection
The Sutherland-Hodgman algorithm for polygon clipping does that - If the polygon crosses the clipping area - it will finally supply you a list of vertices that represent the clipped polygon. If the polygon is totally outside the clipping area (i.e. no intersection) - then it will finally supply you an empty list, as actually there is no part of the polygon that can be drawn inside the clipping area.
You can find explanation about the Sutherland-Hodgman algorithm for clipping polygons here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Euuw72Ymu0M