python manipulating single bits of data

Question

I am trying to open a file in binary mode so that I can manipulate it at a bit level.

I am trying to obtain the binary information with:

with open('file.txt', 'rb') as f:
    data = f.read()

but when I try to print this out I get a mixture of hex and some strange (to me) characters like the following

...~\xeb\xdd{\xdf\xba\xf7^\xf7\xee\xbd\xd7\...

how do I obtain the binary information as 0's and 1's with the ability to change 0110 1001 into 1001 0110

Why do you want to manipulate at the binary level? What are you trying to achieve with that? — Anand S Kumar, Jul 25 '15 at 06:39
I am currently studying cryptography and would like to implement what I am learning in code — user2145312, Jul 25 '15 at 06:41
See [_How I can read a bit in Python?_](http://stackoverflow.com/questions/10689748/how-i-can-read-a-bit-in-python) — martineau, Jul 25 '15 at 09:44

score 0 · Accepted Answer · answered Jul 25 '15 at 07:24

0

Binary data is just numbers. What's more, Python pretty much treats a boolean or a byte the same way as an int. Using BytesIO will let you access the file as a stream of numbers, each representing a byte.

To input a number in base 2, use the 0b00000000 syntax. To view the number in the same way, use "{:08b}".format(number). And to change 0b01101001 into 0b10010110, use ~0b01101001 & 0xFF. The ~ operator flips the bits, while the & 0xFF is just a mask to zero the remaining 24 bits from the int. (That's necessary because since we flipped all 32 bits, all those leading 0s are now 1s, and we don't want that at all).

answered Jul 25 '15 at 07:24

Sam

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thanks, this has helped a lot, though if for example I want to change flip one single bit "{:08b}".format(number) results in a string which is not mutable. is there a different way of doing this to allow single bit manipulation? – user2145312 Jul 25 '15 at 09:36
You have to understand that the string representation is aimed at you as the user. To Python, the numbers are *always* just bits. If you want to flip a bit, use XOR (`^`). `255 ^ 1` is *exactly the same* as `0b11111111 ^ 0b00000001`, or for that matter `0xFF ^ 0x01`. It flips the last bit, and the result is `0b11111110`, or `254` or any other way you can think of to represent that number. There are plenty of other bitwise operators too. – Sam Jul 25 '15 at 10:00

python manipulating single bits of data

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