make changes ->
var myCol = $(this).closest("td").index();
replace with var myCol = $(this).closest("td").html();
and you cannot have same id for all elements so make nochKeinTermin
change it from id to class
Finally...
<table name="kalender" class="kalender" id="mytable" width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="10">
<tr>
<td class="hiddenCell"> </td>
<td class="hiddenCell" colspan="8">8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Uhrzeit</td>
<td colspan="8" id="1440367200" class="rightBorder day">Montag, 24.08.2015</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td class="uhrzeit"> </td>
<td width="120px" id="mitarbeiter_1">AnBi</td>
<td width="120px" id="mitarbeiter_2">HeBi</td>
<td width="120px" id="mitarbeiter_3">JuHa</td>
<td width="120px" id="mitarbeiter_4">StRi</td>
<td width="120px" id="mitarbeiter_5">FrWi</td>
<td width="120px" id="mitarbeiter_7">EvSc</td>
<td width="120px" id="mitarbeiter_8">JoAr</td>
<td width="200px" class="rightBorder" id="mitarbeiter_10">GaHa</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td id="21600" class="uhrzeit">7:00</td>
<td rowspan="2" class="terminActiveDoppel" id="11" title="Patient">1</td>
<td class="termin droppable nochKeinTermin" style="background:red;">2</td>
<td class="termin droppable nochKeinTermin">3</td>
<td class="termin droppable nochKeinTermin">4</td>
<td class="termin droppable nochKeinTermin">5</td>
<td class="termin droppable nochKeinTermin">6</td>
<td class="termin droppable nochKeinTermin">7</td>
<td class="terminRightBorder droppable nochKeinTermin">8</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td id="21600" class="uhrzeit">7:00</td>
<td class="termin droppable nochKeinTermin" style="background:blue;">2</td>
<td class="termin droppable nochKeinTermin">3</td>
<td class="termin droppable nochKeinTermin">4</td>
<td class="termin droppable nochKeinTermin">5</td>
<td class="termin droppable nochKeinTermin">6</td>
<td class="termin droppable nochKeinTermin">7</td>
<td class="terminRightBorder droppable nochKeinTermin">8</td>
</tr>
</table>
<br />
<br />
When I click the red cell it shows column "2" which is correct.
<br />
When I click the blue cell it should also show column "2" but it shows column "1".
and in jquery
$('td.nochKeinTermin').click(function(){
var myCol = $(this).closest("td").html();
var myRow = $(this).closest("tr").index();
alert('Row: ' + myRow + ', Column: ' + myCol);
});