The row key is just another name for the PRIMARY KEY. It is the combination of all the partition and clustering fields, and it will map to just one row of data in a table. So when you do a read or write to a particular row key, it will access just one row.
In terms of the partitioner, that only uses the partition key fields, and it generates a token hash value that determines which node in a cluster the partition will be stored on. Individual rows are stored within partitions, so if there are no clustering columns, then the partition will hold a single row and the row key would be the same as the partition key.
If you have clustering columns, then you can store multiple rows within a partition and the row key will be the partition key plus the clustering key.