I had the same issue on an app that I'm working on. I am using Windows 10 and Visual Studio 2015. My app works fine on iOS / Android. When adding Windows as a platform, I tried:
cordova platform add windows
cordova build windows
The build
step failed with the same error as above:
error MSB3774: Could not find SDK "Microsoft.WinJS.2.0, Version=1.0".
From Visual Studio, I opened the Solution file and noticed that there are 3 JS projects: one for Windows 8.1, Windows Phone 8.1 and Windows 10.0 Universal. Visual Studio could not run either of the 8.1 projects, even after I tried installing the 8.1 SDKs. However, it had no issue running the Windows 10 Universal project, which packaged its own version of WinJS not dependent on an SDK.
You can change Cordova to target Windows 10 by adding the following line to the config.xml
<preference name="windows-target-version" value="10.0" />
When you run via Cordova, it will install the app locally on your PC, which can be executed like any app from marketplace.