Assuming your POST variable contains safe data, create a concatenated string and use MySQL IN Clause
$tbAlleAntId = $_POST['tbAntId1'] . ',' . $_POST['tbAntId2'] . ',' . $_POST['tbAntId3'];
$deleteAnt = "DELETE FROM Antwoorden WHERE AnswerId IN(" . $tbAlleAntId . ")";
But you should definitely clean up your $_POST to make sure nothing harmful is sent (see How can I prevent SQL-injection in PHP).
In your case one easy way could be to control that the $_POST actually contains numeric ids and nothing else.
if (is_numeric($_POST['tbAntId1']) && is_numeric($_POST['tbAntId2']) && is_numeric($_POST['tbAntId3'])) {
$tbAlleAntId = $_POST['tbAntId1'] . ',' . $_POST['tbAntId2'] . ',' . $_POST['tbAntId3'];
$deleteAnt = "DELETE FROM Antwoorden WHERE AnswerId IN(" . $tbAlleAntId . ")";
$numRowsAnt=$dbQuiz->exec($deleteAnt);
}