In Rhapsody, is it possible to draw a diagram like the following?
I can add ports and interfaces to classes, but Rhapsody doesn't seem to support the port concept for components.
Yes it is possible, but for Classes. Usage is possible in normal Class or Object Diagrams.
see: IBM Manual "Managing Ports"
A "Component" in Rhapsody is different to an UML Component, it represents a Executable or Library and therefore there is no special Component Diagram like your Example.