What string similarity algorithms are there?

Question

I need to compare 2 strings and calculate their similarity, to filter down a list of the most similar strings.

e.g. searching for "dog" would return

1. dog
2. doggone
3. bog
4. fog
5. foggy

e.g. searching for "crack" would return

1. crack
2. wisecrack
3. rack
4. jack
5. quack

I have come across:

• QuickSilver
• LiquidMetal

What other string similarity algorithms are there?

Answer 1

The Levenshtein distance is the algorithm I would recommend. It calculates the minimum number of operations you must do to change 1 string into another. The fewer changes means the strings are more similar...

Answer 2

It seems you are needing some kind of fuzzy matching. Here is java implementation of some set of similarity metrics http://www.dcs.shef.ac.uk/~sam/stringmetrics.html. Here is more detailed explanation of string metrics http://www.cs.cmu.edu/~wcohen/postscript/ijcai-ws-2003.pdf it depends on how fuzzy and how fast your implementation must be.

Answer 3

If the focus is on performance, I would implement an algorithm based on a trie structure
(works well to find words in a text, or to help correct a word, but in your case you can find quickly all words containing a given word or all but one letter, for instance).

Please follow first the wikipedia link above.Tries is the fastest words sorting method (n words, search s, O(n) to create the trie, O(1) to search s (or if you prefer, if a is the average length, O(an) for the trie and O(s) for the search)).

A fast and easy implementation (to be optimized) of your problem (similar words) consists of

• Make the trie with the list of words, having all letters indexed front and back (see example below)
• To search s, iterate from s[0] to find the word in the trie, then s[1] etc...
• In the trie, if the number of letters found is len(s)-k the word is displayed, where k is the tolerance (1 letter missing, 2...).
• The algorithm may be extended to the words in the list (see below)

Example, with the words car, vars.

Building the trie (big letter means a word end here, while another may continue). The > is post-index (go forward) and < is pre-index (go backward). In another example we may have to indicate also the starting letter, it is not presented here for clarity.
The < and > in C++ for instance would be Mystruct *previous,*next, meaning from a > c < r, you can go directly from a to c, and reversely, also from a to R.

  1.  c < a < R
  2.  a > c < R
  3.    > v < r < S
  4.  R > a > c
  5.        > v < S
  6.  v < a < r < S
  7.  S > r > a > v

Looking strictly for car the trie gives you access from 1., and you find car (you would have found also everything starting with car, but also anything with car inside - it is not in the example - but vicar for instance would have been found from c > i > v < a < R).

To search while allowing 1-letter wrong/missing tolerance, you iterate from each letter of s, and, count the number of consecutive - or by skipping 1 letter - letters you get from s in the trie.

looking for car,

• c: searching the trie for c < a and c < r (missing letter in s). To accept a wrong letter in a word w, try to jump at each iteration the wrong letter to see if ar is behind, this is O(w). With two letters, O(w²) etc... but another level of index could be added to the trie to take into account the jump over letters - making the trie complex, and greedy regarding memory.
• a, then r: same as above, but searching backwards as well

This is just to provide an idea about the principle - the example above may have some glitches (I'll check again tomorrow).

Answer 4

You could do this:

Foreach string in haystack Do
    offset := -1;
    matchedCharacters := 0;
    Foreach char in needle Do
        offset := PositionInString(string, char, offset+1);
        If offset = -1 Then
            Break;
        End;
        matchedCharacters := matchedCharacters + 1;
    End;
    If matchedCharacters > 0 Then
       // (partial) match found
    End;
End;

With matchedCharacters you can determine the “degree” of the match. If it is equal to the length of needle, all characters in needle are also in string. If you also store the offset of the first matched character, you can also sort the result by the “density” of the matched characters by subtracting the offset of the first matched character from the offset of the last matched character offset; the lower the difference, the more dense the match.

Answer 5

class Program { 
    static int ComputeLevenshteinDistance(string source, string target) {
        if ((source == null) || (target == null)) return 0;
        if ((source.Length == 0) || (target.Length == 0)) return 0;
        if (source == target) return source.Length;

        int sourceWordCount = source.Length;
        int targetWordCount = target.Length;

        int[,] distance = new int[sourceWordCount + 1, targetWordCount + 1];

        // Step 2
        for (int i = 0; i <= sourceWordCount; distance[i, 0] = i++);
        for (int j = 0; j <= targetWordCount; distance[0, j] = j++);

        for (int i = 1; i <= sourceWordCount; i++) {
            for (int j = 1; j <= targetWordCount; j++) {
                // Step 3
                int cost = (target[j - 1] == source[i - 1]) ? 0 : 1;

                // Step 4
                distance[i, j] = Math.Min(Math.Min(distance[i - 1, j] + 1, distance[i, j - 1] + 1), distance[i - 1, j - 1] + cost);
            }
        }

        return distance[sourceWordCount, targetWordCount]; 
    }

    static void Main(string[] args){ 
       Console.WriteLine(ComputeLevenshteinDistance ("Stackoverflow","StuckOverflow"));
       Console.ReadKey();
    }
}

Answer 6

I have used Levenshtein distance together with a soundex index, to try and come up with a fuzzy match to misspelled pharmaceutical names that are always quite lengthy and awkward. Soundex is a bit English centric so you would need something else for other languages.