No, you can't access the system installed TTF files on iOS devices. So you'll have to embed the typefaces you'd like to use.
Disclaimer: I'm not a lawyer, and the acceptability of using Apple supplied system fonts in an iOS app is a legal question about interpreting software licenses, so you may want to seek professional advice.
You wish to embed an Apple supplied font in your app. The definition of "embed" is a bit nebulous, so adding the font to an iOS app may or may not fit within the copyright holder's definition of "embed". Some type houses define "embed" to mean just viewing predetermined content in the included font; other mean viewing and editing content in that font. Displaying content that changes during the running of your app is somewhere between these two cases.
According to the Mac OS X Lion 10.7.2 ELUA:
F. Fonts. Subject to the terms and conditions of this License, you may
use the fonts included with the Apple Software to display and print
content while running the Apple Software; however, you may only embed
fonts in content if that is permitted by the embedding restrictions
accompanying the font in question. These embedding restrictions can be
found in the Font Book/Preview/Show Font Info panel.
If using the fonts in an iOS app is indeed "embedding", you just need to check the particular fonts you wish to use in Font Book.
In this situation I would find a font or set of fonts where I had explicit permission to include the fonts in the iOS app. I would start by shopping around the various type houses for a licensing scheme that explicitly allowed this use. This may get expensive, so another tack would be to seek out open source typefaces with a license that would allow this use. Or, for a very limited set of characters (e.g. only numbers) I would even consider drawing my own typeface.