There is not a built-in way to search every single column for a specific value.
I'm not exactly sure why you want to search every single column for a specific value. Seems a little excessive in terms of the performance hit on the database.
If you really need to do this, the best suggestion I can give would be to write a stored procedure that iterates all of the tables, then iterates all of the fields in each table to use them in the WHERE clause. A better way to do it would be to build the query using the fields where the value is like to be. For example, if you're trying to search all the tables for a specific ID, you probably don't need to search date or currency or quantity fields. How you do this will also depend on the version of PSQL you're using.
If you explain what you hope to accomplish and why you need it, we might be able to offer better suggestions.