Android Studio does not store the database locally in your computer. The databases only exist in the devices & every time you deploy to a new device, your database will be created new in that new device. That is why you can't find it in your computer. Here is where the database is located in the device:
/data/data/full_qualified_java_package_name/databases/database_name.db
Now if you would like to insert data directly, you can use the terminal in Android Studio & use ADB to pull the database off the emulator, modify it, and push it back in. Heck I am sure that if you know enough Linux you could probably insert what you need into it without pulling it from the device. Here are some sample commands for the Android Studio terminal for that:
~/Android/Sdk/platform-tools/adb devices
Get the device number, then:
~/Android/Sdk/platform-tools/adb -s emulator-#### pull /data/data/full_qualified_java_package_name/databases/database_name.db <local-filepath>
And to send it back in, it is just:
~/Android/Sdk/platform-tools/adb -s emulator-#### push <local-filepath> /data/data/full_qualified_java_package_name/databases/database_name.db
Example:
~/Android/Sdk/platform-tools/adb -s emulator-5554 pull /data/data/com.danielkaparunakis.stackoverflowquestions/databases/Questiondatabase.db /Users/DanielKaparunakis/Desktop
Additional tip: If you leave the blank when you pull like this:
~/Android/Sdk/platform-tools/adb -s emulator-5554 pull /data/data/com.danielkaparunakis.stackoverflowquestions/databases/Questiondatabase.db
It will automatically pull it to your project's root folder.