You can use this regex:
^([0-9]{2}:?){3}
DEMO
Assert position at the beginning of the string «^»
Match the regex below and capture its match into backreference number 1 «([0-9]{2}:?){3}»
Exactly 3 times «{3}»
You repeated the capturing group itself. The group will capture only the last iteration. Put a capturing group around the repeated group to capture all iterations. «{3}»
Or, if you don’t want to capture anything, replace the capturing group with a non-capturing group to make your regex more efficient.
Match a single character in the range between “0” and “9” «[0-9]{2}»
Exactly 2 times «{2}»
Match the character “:” literally «:?»
Between zero and one times, as many times as possible, giving back as needed (greedy) «?»