What's missing: make: *** No rule to make target

Question

I'd love to move my C++ environment away from Visual Studio on Windows to building simple software on MacOS or Ubuntu.

My test project for doing so (am small Snake game) contains the following structure

Snake
|- bin
|- data
|- docs
|- lib
|- inc
   |- application
         |- app_main.h
         |- app_game_state.h
         |- app_load_map_state.h
         |- app_main_menu_state.h
         |- app_play_state.h
         |- app_shutdown_state.h
         |- app_startup_state.h
         |- app_state.h
         |- app_unload_map_state.h
   |- core
   |- graphics
   |- gui
   |- logic
   |- world
|- intern
   |- build
      |- obj
   |- tests
   |- src
      |- application
         |- Makefile
         |- main.cpp
         |- app_main.cpp
         |- app_game_state.cpp
         |- app_load_map_state.cpp
         |- app_main_menu_state.cpp
         |- app_play_state.cpp
         |- app_shutdown_state.cpp
         |- app_startup_state.cpp
         |- app_state.cpp
         |- app_unload_map_state.cpp
      |- core
      |- graphics
      |- gui
      |- logic
      |- world

The Makefile is structured as follows:

IDIR = ../../../inc
CC = g++
CFLAGS = -I$(IDIR)

ODIR = ../../build/obj
LDIR = ../../../lib

VPATH = ../core:../graphics/:../gui/:../logic/:../world/

_DEPS = app_game_state.h app_load_map_state.h app_main.h app_main_menu_state.h app_play_state.h app_shutdown_state.h app_startup_state.h app_state.h app_unload_map_state.h
DEPS = $(patsubst %,$(IDIR)/%,$(_DEPS))

_OBJ = main.o app_game_state.o app_load_map_state.o app_main.o app_main_menu_state.o app_play_state.o app_shutdown_state.o app_startup_state.o app_state.o app_unload_map_state.o
OBJ = $(patsubst %,$(ODIR)/%,$(_OBJ))

$(ODIR)/%.o: %.cpp $(DEPS)
    $(CC) -c -o $@ $< $(CFLAGS)

main: $(OBJ)
    g++ -o $@ $^ $(CFLAGS) $(LIBS)

.PHONY: clean

clean:
    rm -f $(ODIR)/*.o *~core $(INCDIR)/*~

My aim was to port what I've learned from this excellent beginner tutorial on Makefiles to my own architecture. The tutorials make command is running without problems on my machine. So I guess I've missed something.

As I'm being new to Makefiles, it's a bit hard for me to grasp the concepts. Even though I thought to understand the basics, the make command returns a make: *** No rule to make target '../../build/obj/main.o', needed by 'main'. Stop. error when I run make from intern/src/application

To solve the problem I tried to apply the solution from gcc makefile error: "No rule to make target ..." to my code - yet without success.

Where's the error in my Makefile and what did I not understand?

Edit: Here's the make output with the -d flag enabled (had to remove some code from the beginning due to stackoverflows limitation of symbols in a message)

GNU Make 3.81
Copyright (C) 2006  Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions.
There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

This program built for i386-apple-darwin11.3.0
Reading makefiles...
Reading makefile `Makefile'...
...
    Looking for a rule with intermediate file `Makefile.S'.
     Avoiding implicit rule recursion.
     Avoiding implicit rule recursion.
     Avoiding implicit rule recursion.
     Trying pattern rule with stem `Makefile.S'.
     Trying implicit prerequisite `Makefile.S,v'.
     Trying pattern rule with stem `Makefile.S'.
     Trying implicit prerequisite `RCS/Makefile.S,v'.
     Trying pattern rule with stem `Makefile.S'.
     Trying implicit prerequisite `RCS/Makefile.S'.
     Trying pattern rule with stem `Makefile.S'.
     Trying implicit prerequisite `s.Makefile.S'.
     Trying pattern rule with stem `Makefile.S'.
     Trying implicit prerequisite `SCCS/s.Makefile.S'.
   Trying pattern rule with stem `Makefile'.
   Rejecting impossible implicit prerequisite `Makefile.S'.
   Trying pattern rule with stem `Makefile'.
   Trying implicit prerequisite `Makefile.mod'.
   Looking for a rule with intermediate file `Makefile.mod'.
    Avoiding implicit rule recursion.
    Avoiding implicit rule recursion.
    Trying pattern rule with stem `Makefile.mod'.
    Trying implicit prerequisite `Makefile.mod,v'.
    Trying pattern rule with stem `Makefile.mod'.
    Trying implicit prerequisite `RCS/Makefile.mod,v'.
    Trying pattern rule with stem `Makefile.mod'.
    Trying implicit prerequisite `RCS/Makefile.mod'.
    Trying pattern rule with stem `Makefile.mod'.
    Trying implicit prerequisite `s.Makefile.mod'.
    Trying pattern rule with stem `Makefile.mod'.
    Trying implicit prerequisite `SCCS/s.Makefile.mod'.
  Trying pattern rule with stem `Makefile'.
  Rejecting impossible implicit prerequisite `Makefile.c'.
  Trying pattern rule with stem `Makefile'.
  Rejecting impossible implicit prerequisite `Makefile.cc'.
  Trying pattern rule with stem `Makefile'.
  Rejecting impossible implicit prerequisite `Makefile.C'.
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  Rejecting impossible implicit prerequisite `Makefile.cpp'.
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  Trying pattern rule with stem `Makefile'.
  Rejecting impossible implicit prerequisite `Makefile.mod'.
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  Looking for a rule with intermediate file `Makefile.sh'.
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   Trying implicit prerequisite `SCCS/s.Makefile.sh'.
  No implicit rule found for `Makefile'.
  Finished prerequisites of target file `Makefile'.
 No need to remake target `Makefile'.
Updating goal targets....
Considering target file `main'.
 File `main' does not exist.
  Considering target file `../../build/obj/main.o'.
   File `../../build/obj/main.o' does not exist.
   Looking for an implicit rule for `../../build/obj/main.o'.
   Trying pattern rule with stem `main'.
   Trying implicit prerequisite `main.cpp'.
   Trying rule prerequisite `../../../inc/app_game_state.h'.
   Trying pattern rule with stem `main'.
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   Trying pattern rule with stem `main'.
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    Trying implicit prerequisite `../../build/obj/SCCS/s.main.mod'.
   No implicit rule found for `../../build/obj/main.o'.
   Finished prerequisites of target file `../../build/obj/main.o'.
  Must remake target `../../build/obj/main.o'.

Wow, that `Makefile` seems rather complicated to me. You could try to specify the build rules for each `.o` file separately (as I'm not sure what your `OBJ` variable contains). For example: `main.o: $(CC) main.c` And then `main: main.o` — ForceBru, Aug 14 '16 at 13:41
Make sure that the filename of your makefile is indeed `Makefile`. — Matsmath, Aug 14 '16 at 13:42
@ForceBru: Looks pretty simple to me. You shouldn't define build rules for every `.o` separately. OP is doing it right. — Lightness Races in Orbit, Aug 14 '16 at 13:55
Can't see what's wrong here. Turn verbose output on and see how everything's being resolved. — Lightness Races in Orbit, Aug 14 '16 at 13:58
Please provide the full output. Perhaps it's just a compilation error. — Igor R., Aug 14 '16 at 14:07
@LightnessRacesinOrbit, I'm no expert in Makefiles and since the OP say they're a beginner, I thought it could help to do this the easiest (but requiring more writing) way. At least, this is what I do when my Makefile doesn't work correctly, and this often helps. — ForceBru, Aug 14 '16 at 15:11
Mmm nope dunno sorry. Everything looks fine to me at a glance, but the debug output clearly shows the right rule isn't being found. — Lightness Races in Orbit, Aug 14 '16 at 15:59

score 3 · Accepted Answer · answered Aug 14 '16 at 16:40

3

The dependencies for the rule

$(ODIR)/%.o: %.cpp $(DEPS)
    $(CC) -c -o $@ $< $(CFLAGS)

are not satisfied: while make finds main.cpp OK it doesn't find the dependencies from $(DEPS). You can fix the problem by pointing IDIR to the correct directory:

IDIR = = ../../../inc/application

Admittedly, the error message isn't entirely helpful.

answered Aug 14 '16 at 16:40

Dietmar Kühl

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Thanks! I've tried this approach and it works. Yet I wonder: Thought it would work since I included the libraries by e.g. `#include "applications/app_main.h` in the .cpp files... So the inc/applications inc/core etc. all have to be included directly? – VanGoghsCoffee Aug 14 '16 at 20:03
@VanGoghsCoffee: `make` doesn't look at the content of the files. Just because you include the files with a path doesn't make `make` look for the dependencies in a different location. If you want to get the dependencies determine based on how they are included, have a look at the dependency options of the compiler (e.g., `-M` and family). – Dietmar Kühl Aug 14 '16 at 20:55
Thanks a lot! That wasn't clear to me. Thought `inc/` would work as a root path to all of my header directories. – VanGoghsCoffee Aug 15 '16 at 05:50

score 0 · Answer 2 · edited May 23 '17 at 12:16

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I don't know why your below implicit rule is not working.

$(ODIR)/%.o: %.cpp $(DEPS)
    $(CC) -c -o $@ $< $(CFLAGS)

But, in it's place, please try using the following static pattern rule to make the object files:

$(OBJ): $(ODIR)/%.o: %.cpp $(DEPS)
    $(CC) -c -o $@ $< $(CFLAGS)

A very similar question has been asked here - GNU Make pattern to build output in different directory than src. I tried that answer for the directory set up you have shown and it worked.

Please let me know if I should have added this as a comment. I couldn't make out which was right.

edited May 23 '17 at 12:16

Community

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answered Aug 14 '16 at 16:44

Gautham

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Thank you! I've tried this approach. Now the error message is `make: *** No rule to make target '../../../inc/app_game_state.h', needed by '../../build/obj/main.o'. Stop.` – VanGoghsCoffee Aug 14 '16 at 20:07
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True, I missed that. As answered by @VanGoghsCoffee you will also have to modify IDIR accordingly. So, apart from getting more accurate errors from 'make', there is no reason to use a static pattern rule in place of your implicit rule. – Gautham Aug 15 '16 at 11:16

What's missing: make: *** No rule to make target

2 Answers2