You can as the below:
DECLARE @Tbl TABLE (Id VARCHAR(10), Column3 VARCHAR(100), Column4 VARCHAR(100), Column5 VARCHAR(100), Column6 VARCHAR(100))
INSERT @Tbl
VALUES
('items', '1 2 3', '2 3 5', '6', '1 2 5')
;WITH CTE1
AS
(
SELECT T.Id, T.Column3 AS ColumnId, CAST('<X>' + REPLACE(T.Column3,' ','</X><X>') + '</X>' as XML) AS FilterColumn FROM @Tbl T UNION ALL
SELECT T.Id, T.Column4 AS ColumnId, CAST('<X>' + REPLACE(T.Column4,' ','</X><X>') + '</X>' as XML) AS FilterColumn FROM @Tbl T UNION ALL
SELECT T.Id, T.Column5 AS ColumnId, CAST('<X>' + REPLACE(T.Column5,' ','</X><X>') + '</X>' as XML) AS FilterColumn FROM @Tbl T UNION ALL
SELECT T.Id, T.Column6 AS ColumnId, CAST('<X>' + REPLACE(T.Column6,' ','</X><X>') + '</X>' as XML) AS FilterColumn FROM @Tbl T
), CTE2
AS
(
SELECT
A.*,
B.SplitData
FROM
CTE1 A CROSS APPLY
(SELECT fdata.D.value('.','varchar(50)') AS SplitData FROM A.FilterColumn.nodes('X') as fdata(D)) B
)
SELECT
T.Id ,
(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT C.SplitData) FROM CTE2 C WHERE C.Id = T.Id AND C.ColumnId IN (T.Column3)) Column3OfDistinct,
(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT C.SplitData) FROM CTE2 C WHERE C.Id = T.Id AND C.ColumnId IN (T.Column3, T.Column4)) Column4OfDistinct,
(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT C.SplitData) FROM CTE2 C WHERE C.Id = T.Id AND C.ColumnId IN (T.Column3, T.Column4, T.Column5)) Column5OfDistinct,
(SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT C.SplitData) FROM CTE2 C WHERE C.Id = T.Id AND C.ColumnId IN (T.Column3, T.Column4, T.Column5, T.Column6)) Column6OfDistinct
FROM
@Tbl T
Result:
Id Column3OfDistinct Column4OfDistinct Column5OfDistinct Column6OfDistinct
---------- ----------------- ----------------- ----------------- -----------------
items 3 4 5 5