How unique is uniqid?

Question

This question isn't really a problem looking for a solution, it's more just a matter of simple curiosity. The PHP uniqid function has a more entropy flag, to make the output "more unique". This got me wondering, just how likely is it for this function to produce the same result more than once when more_entropy is true, versus when it isn't. In other words, how unique is uniqid when more_entropy is enabled, versus when it is disabled? Are there any drawbacks to having more_entropy enabled all the time?

Answer 1

Update, March 2014:

Firstly, it is important to note that uniqid is a bit of a misnomer as it doesnt guarantee a unique ID.

Per the PHP documentation:

WARNING!

This function does not create random nor unpredictable string. This function must not be used for security purposes. Use cryptographically secure random function/generator and cryptographically secure hash functions to create unpredictable secure ID.

And

This function does not generate cryptographically secure tokens, in fact without being passed any additional parameters the return value is little different from microtime(). If you need to generate cryptographically secure tokens use openssl_random_pseudo_bytes().

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Setting more-entropy to true generates a more unique value, however the execution time is longer (though to a tiny degree), according to the docs:

If set to TRUE, uniqid() will add additional entropy (using the combined linear congruential generator) at the end of the return value, which increases the likelihood that the result will be unique.

Note the line increases the likelihood that the result will be unique and not that is will guarantee uniqueness.

You can 'endlessly' strive for uniqueness, up to a point, and enhance using any number of encryption routines, adding salts and the like- it depends on the purpose.

I'd recommend looking at the comments on the main PHP topic, notably:

http://www.php.net/manual/en/function.uniqid.php#96898

http://www.php.net/manual/en/function.uniqid.php#96549

http://www.php.net/manual/en/function.uniqid.php#95001

What I'd recommend is working out why you need uniqueness, is it for security (i.e. to add to an encryption/scrambling routine)? Also, How unique does it need to be? Finally, look at the speed consideration. Suitability will change with the underlying considerations.

Answer 2

Things are only unique if you check that they don't exist already. It doesn't matter what function you use to generate a 'random' string, or ID - if you don't double check that it isn't a duplicate, then there's always that chance.. ;)

While uniqid is based on the current time, the cautionary note above still applies - it just depends on where you will be using these "unique IDs". The clue to all this is where it says "more unique". Unique is unique is unique. How you can have something which is more or less unique, is a bit confusing to me!

Checking as above, and combining all this stuff will let you end up with something approaching uniqueness, but its all relative to where the keys will be used and the context. Hope that helps!

Answer 3

From the discussions about the function on the PHP manual site:

As others below note, without prefix and without "added entropy", this function simply returns the UNIX timestamp with added microsecond counter as a hex number; it's more or less just microtime(), in hexit form.

[...]

Also worth to note is that since microtime() only works on systems that have gettimeofday() > present, which Windows natively DOES NOT, uniqid() might yield just the single-second-resolution UNIX timestamp in a Windows environment.

In other words without "more_entropy", the function is absolutely horrible and should never be used, period. Accoding to the documentation, the flag will use a "combined linear congruential generator" to "add entropy". Well, that's a pretty weak RNG. So I'd skip this function entirely and use something based on mt_rand with a good seed for things that are not security-relevant, and SHA-256 for things that are.

Answer 4

Without the more_unique flag, it returns the unix timestamp with a microsecond counter, therefore if two calls get made at the same microsecond then they will return the same 'unique' id.

From there it is a question of how likely that is. The answer is, not very, but not to a discountable degree. If you need a unique id and you generate them often (or work with data generated elsewhere), don't count on it to be absolutely unique.

Answer 5

The relevant bit from the source code is

if (more_entropy) {
    uniqid = strpprintf(0, "%s%08x%05x%.8F", prefix, sec, usec, php_combined_lcg() * 10);
} else {
    uniqid = strpprintf(0, "%s%08x%05x", prefix, sec, usec);
}

So more_entropy adds nine somewhat random decimal digits (php_combined_lcg() returns a value in (0,1)) - that's 29.9 bits of entropy, tops (in reality probably less as LCG is not a cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator).

Answer 6

After reading the source code of uniqueId, it's clear the way it works is to convert the time in microseconds from 1970-01-01 00:00:00 into an ID. It also waits until a microsecond has passed.

That means in the following code:

$uniqueId = uniqid();
$uniqueId1 = uniqid();

You can be certain that $uniqueId != $uniqueId1, even without the more_entropy flag, as each ID will always be generated from a different microsecond.

If the ID's are generated on a different server or possibly even the same server but a different thread, then there is a chance the time in microseconds is the same, therefore uniqueid may not be unique. If this is the case, then you use the more_entropy flag for an extra 29.9 bits more of entropy. The chance of a collision would now be so highly improbably, that its probably not worth even checking to make sure the ID already exists.

If you are generating the ID's only on a single server without multithreading php, then there's no point using the more_entropy flag, otherwise use it. If you need a cryptographically secure ID, then you should use a decent 256 bit RNG instead.

Answer 7

If you want to generate a unique id, Try this one.

$a = time();
$b = date("Ymd");
$c = uniqid();
$d = $asec + $bsec;
$e = $sku;
$gen = $a.'_'.$b.'_'.$c.'_'.$d.'_'.$e;