The answer for your question is yes! Microservices - composite UI is quite new in frontend world. Many big companies are dropping big monolithics apps and starting development in microservices way - so colled composite UI.
[Tailor Mosaic]
Each application can be built in different frameworks React, Angular, Vuejs by separate teams. You can base your concept application on Zalando stack - Mosaic Framework or just grab one part witch is Tailor.js with MIT licence and build your own one on top of that. It will definitely require from you additional parts like reverse proxy and communication bus/pipe.
[Polymer]
This is not microservices aproach but everything depends on scale of your project. Sometimes web components are more than enough. To face problem of reusable components built in different technologies you can use Polymer framework - Web Components.
[React way]
React is grate library for building complicated user interfaces. You can do almost everything – build generic components or whole apps that will be injected in some kind react common frame. Writing special mechanism for injecting applications in runtime from different origins as app bundle files is possible.
[Communication & styles]
For sure you will face problems with communication between application / components. There is few possibilities to make sure that you're components/apps will talk with each other. Basic solution is to use some kind of API like RxJs to build your own communication bus with custom functions or just use existing one pubs/sub event bus. If you will have different react apps with their own stors (the best solution is to have one store but nothing is stopping you from having many) you can think about some mechanisms like redux modules or dynamically loaded reducers to marge them together and unplug them when no more needed.
Building composite ui will also cause a lot problems with styling so it is a good idea to think about some kind of strategy like BEM/SMACSS or library like react css modules to avoid css redundancy.
Useful links:
Project Mosaic | Microservices for the Frontend
Zalando Tailor
Micro frontends—a microservice approach to front-end web development
Designing a microservice-oriented application
Working example
React frontend microservices architecture
Example communication bus
Postaljs