Actually, you have two options here.
You can check the accounts synced with the device, then verify if those accounts are also Google Accounts that are syncing their respective calendars to the device.
The below will provide you all the accounts registered to the device (typically Google Accounts of some sort). If you want all accounts, regardless of whether they are Google or not, use AccountManager.getAccounts() instead.
Account[] theAccounts = AccountManager.getAccountsByType("com.google");
You have to get your AccountManager via getSystemService(Context.ACCOUNT_SERVICE)
first.
To get access to the calendars synced on the device, read "synced" as active, you can use the GData API (which I have never been able to get working properly), or access to the local sqllite database that stores the calendar(s) directly on the device.
Without posting tons of code on how to access that database, if you do a search for "android accessing calendar database", you should find lots of useful information on accessing that database.
Good starting point:
Getting events from calendar
I have this working on an app that I am writing - checking local/synced accounts, then pulling that data out of the internal database and grabbing the calendars just for the local accounts versus all calendars on the device. I have lots of calendars shared with me from work, so I only want the calendars "local" to the device for my app.