A similar question has been asked before, but had no traction. Clearly, it is possible but it is by no means clear how to do it in our own non-tabris Android app.
The best documentation we have on the matter is this commit, but I tried V8.setFlags("--expose-debug-as=Debug");
as well as V8.setFlags("--expose-debug-as=" + DebugHandler.DEBUG_OBJECT_NAME);
but no debuggable app appeared in chrome developer tools.
I even tried in combo with enabling Stetho and in that case I was able to debug the app, but there was no javascript source to debug. I believe that I'm close but missing one small crucial nugget.