I will add a few tips as I am finishing a POS system that focuses on ACCOUNTING - meaning the purchases, expenses, invoicing, accounts, credit cards, cash, vehicles, etc all need to be tracked. The concepts will eventually be applied to a personal system.
The best advice is to look at your paperwork and try to form your database around what you need to do to translate your physical documents to the computer. Combine this with the first couple of chapters of an accounting textbook which talks about accounts, chart of accounts, and journals.
The books I used :
Accounting at your fingertips by George Murray
Finance and Accounting for Entrepenuers by Suzanne Caplan
Introduction To Accounting by Ainsworth
Accounting, Information technology, and Business Solutions By Hollander
Once you have your source documents entered into the system you can then run queries to get to your answers. Doing this eliminated the concept of the "General Ledger" and "trial balance" because you simply correct or add to your source documents. So the "General Ledger" becomes a calculation. That was super confusing to me. Again, all the source documents will be put into 'Journals', which can be your database tables. I use a general journal, a purchases journal, a payments or cash disbursements journal, a sales journal, and a cash receipts journal. Keep in mind the term "CASH" refers to cash, credit, check, debit.
For example I have a "general journal" which is basically what you need. In this journal I keep track of 'source receipts'. A receipt might be an invoice, like time warner cable, which has an account number. In that case I create an 'account' for time warner. The time warner account will link to a 'chart of accounts' which will specify the type of expense as "internet". The invoice then gets entered with the date, the amount, etc. The invoice links to the account for time warner. Once the invoice is entered it is unpaid. You then need to add payment. Of course you could pay the bill in full as you should, but you might need to do two payments, or split payments, or not pay in full. This will lead you to a 'Payments Journal" in combination with a 'invoice to payments lookup table' which will need to have an applied amount to apply to an invoice. This applied amount is important because you might have 4 unpaid time warner bills and you just send over $200 in a panic to get your account back on. This payment then needs to split across the invoices with amounts to apply to each. And of course the payment account will link back to your accounts.
For the case of entering a receipt, the account is not used. Say you pick up some lingerie at embrasse-moi, and pay cash. Your system will take the supplier, embrasse-moi, the date, the cost, I added a 'use tax' in case you purchase over the internet and did not pay tax but you still owe it, the amount, and the 'Chart of accounts' which is essentially what category is your expense. That all goes to the general journal. On the same form you will have the payment method. I made a simplified form for an expense + exact payment as that is very common. If the payment is split then you will need to enter the receipt using one form, then create multiple payments linking to that receipt with other forms.
So in the end your database for this simple accounting app will have the following tables:
Accounts (the account information including an account type like cc/debit card, checking, cash, inventory account for business purchases, expense account like utilities, the default chart of account)
Chart of accounts (basically a list describing how to classify expenses and accounts which will flow to your operating statement, i put mine here for you to check out:
http://embrasse-moi.com/exampleData/pos_chart_of_accounts.csv)
I have a table for opening balances for accounts, because you have to start somewhere
Account type - meaning credit card, debit card, etc. Keep in mind the accounting equation basicaly switches based on the account. Checking accounts debits are "bad" because you gave away your money and credits are "good" because you took in money while credit cards debits are "good" because you reduced your debt and credits are "bad" becasue you added to your debt
Chart of account types, which is an 'asset, liability, long term asset, etc. This could be included in the cart of accounts as an Enum type
Then there is the general journal, which as described contains enough information to describe your document. Is it on account? Date, amount, the type (receipt or invoice) due date, i keep a 'paid' flag to ease the querying.
Then you have a lookup between the 'general journal' table and the payment table
Then you have the payment table.
Once you have all this information in, you will almost never use your bank as sources, as they are not always correct, at least my bank makes mistakes. So this type of structure will keep you on top of your information, and at the end of the month this system will produce a statement that looks identical to your account statements. And that is the goal.
