Can I guess that my usb is broken if my bootloader doesn't run?

Question

I am on Ubuntu and I made a simple bootloader that just simply print a character.

It works well on qemu-system-i386

It looks like this:

start:
    mov ah, 0x0e
    mov al, '~'
    int 0x10
    jmp $
times 510-($-$$) db 0
db 0x55
db 0xaa

And I build with

fasm loader.asm img.bin

then check if my usb is available:

lsblk

after check that my usb is available at /dev/sdc, I ran

sudo dd if=img.bin of=/dev/sdc 
sync

And finally check if dd wrote well:

dd if=/dev/sdc bs=512 count=1 > f
ndisasm -b 16 f

above ndisasm print:

00000000  B40E              mov ah,0xe
00000002  B07E              mov al,0x7e
00000004  CD10              int 0x10
00000006  EBFE              jmp short 0x6
00000008  0000              add [bx+si],al
0000000A  0000              add [bx+si],al
repeats 0000...
000001FE  55                push bp
000001FF  AA                stosb

Now, I put this usb to real laptop with 32bit processor(Pentium M).

but it reboots again and again.

So, my question is: can I guess my usb broken?

I don't know if this related with my problem but.. here is one more thing: When I ran follow commands without usb inserted,

dd if=/dev/sdc bs=512 count=1 > f
ndisasm -b 16 f

above ndisasm print:

00000000  B40E              mov ah,0xe
00000002  B07E              mov al,0x7e
00000004  CD10              int 0x10
00000006  EBFE              jmp short 0x6
00000008  0000              add [bx+si],al
0000000A  0000              add [bx+si],al
repeats 0000...
000001FE  55                push bp
000001FF  AA                stosb

as if I inserted usb memory stick.

Will you give me some advice?

Thanks. (I tried hard to formulate a clear, and useful question. If it's not, please let me know.)

EDIT: I tested with BPB. The source code looks like this(nop added):

jmp start
nop
bpbOEM          db "TEST    "
bpbBytesPerSector:      DW 512
bpbSectorsPerCluster:   DB 1
bpbReservedSectors:     DW 1
bpbNumberOfFATs:    DB 2
bpbRootEntries:     DW 224
bpbTotalSectors:    DW 2880
bpbMedia:           DB 0xF0
bpbSectorsPerFAT:   DW 9
bpbSectorsPerTrack:     DW 18
bpbHeadsPerCylinder:    DW 2
bpbHiddenSectors:   DD 0
bpbTotalSectorsBig:     DD 0
bsDriveNumber:          DB 0
bsUnused:           DB 0
bsExtBootSignature:     DB 0x00
bsSerialNumber:         DD 0x00000000
bsVolumeLabel:          DB "           "
bsFileSystem:           DB "        "
start:
    mov ah, 0x0e
    mov al, '~'
    int 0x10
    jmp $
times 510-($-$$) db 0
db 0x55
db 0xaa

I ran:

fasm loader.asm img.bin
lsblk
sudo dd if=img.bin of=/dev/sdc 
sync
dd if=/dev/sdc bs=512 count=1 > f
ndisasm -b 16 f

and it prints:

00000000  EB3B              jmp short 0x3d
00000002  54                push sp
00000003  45                inc bp
00000004  53                push bx
00000005  54                push sp
00000006  2020              and [bx+si],ah
00000008  2020              and [bx+si],ah
0000000A  0002              add [bp+si],al
0000000C  0101              add [bx+di],ax
0000000E  0002              add [bp+si],al
00000010  E000              loopne 0x12
00000012  40                inc ax
00000013  0BF0              or si,ax
00000015  0900              or [bx+si],ax
00000017  1200              adc al,[bx+si]
00000019  0200              add al,[bx+si]
0000001B  0000              add [bx+si],al
0000001D  0000              add [bx+si],al
0000001F  0000              add [bx+si],al
00000021  0000              add [bx+si],al
00000023  0000              add [bx+si],al
00000025  0000              add [bx+si],al
00000027  0000              add [bx+si],al
00000029  0020              add [bx+si],ah
0000002B  2020              and [bx+si],ah
0000002D  2020              and [bx+si],ah
0000002F  2020              and [bx+si],ah
00000031  2020              and [bx+si],ah
00000033  2020              and [bx+si],ah
00000035  2020              and [bx+si],ah
00000037  2020              and [bx+si],ah
00000039  2020              and [bx+si],ah
0000003B  2020              and [bx+si],ah
0000003D  B40E              mov ah,0xe
0000003F  B07E              mov al,0x7e
00000041  CD10              int 0x10
00000043  EBFE              jmp short 0x43
repeats 0000...
000001FD  0055AA            add [di-0x56],dl

And the result was same. The real machine reboots again and again.

EDIT2: This is a bootloader that beeps. It worked on different usb, same computer.

bits 16
org 0x7c00
jmp main
main:
    mov ax, 3
    int 0x10
    mov ah, 0x0e
    mov al, 'A'
    int 0x10
    mov al, 0xb6
    out 0x43, al
    mov al, 0xa9
    out 0x42, al
    mov al, 0x04
    out 0x42, al
    in al, 0x61
    mov ah, al
    or al, 011b
    test al, ah
    je done
    out 0x61, al
done:
    jmp $

    times 510-($-$$) db 0
    db 0x55
    db 0xaa
times 1474560 - ($-$$) db 0