After following the link pointed by @Jack Zhai-MSFT I was finally able to understaand the reasons why the .net framework couldn´t be debugged.
It turned out that the symbols were being downloaded without their respective source, because I was pointing to Microsoft Symbol Server instead of http://referencesource.microsoft.com/symbols
Then, my following attempt was to uncheck the "Microsoft Symbols Server" or to change the order at the Symbols menu. To my surprise, I couldn´t delete it, nor change the order, and, even after it was disabled the symbols were still fetched from there.
Perhaps this is a VS2017 community bug.
What I did next, that actually solved it:
- Deleted my symbol cache that had misleading pdbs without source
- Enabled just my code flag, disabling “Enable .NET Framework source stepping” and started the app, on debug mode
- Paused at a breakpoint in which, at the stack, I had access to the code I wanted to debug
- Double clicked such stack, and then hit Load Symbols.
- This time around, for some reason, the Microsoft Symbol Server was skipped, and the right pdbs were downloaded
Note that, still, I couldn´t download some "optimized symbols" like system.net.http, but I´ll try to figure that out next
Also, I setup the symbols servers using that as a reference, which helped me to promptly get any third party symbols (Except .net)
https://www.symbolsource.org/Public/Wiki/Using

EDIT:
With the help of dotPeeker I was able to get all the missing pdb files by:
- Loading these dlls into dotpeeker (ex: System.Net.Http)
- Load one of the source files from that DLL
- Hit Generate PDB and store it into the same cache folder as VS2017 uses
PHEW!! What a hassle for something that should have been trivial!