To be clear: btw; it's not that the property won't be set to that value, it's just a different way to look at your question.
You can use attributes, but you'll need a way to validate them. For instance; the Range attribute:
[Range(0,100, ErrorMessage = "Value for {0} must be between {1} and {2}.")]
public int Num {get; set;}
So, this is typically used in MVC or EF like applications where the attributes are being checked by that particular framework.
There is some more info about that subject here: https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/cc668215(v=vs.110).aspx
It can also work in MVVM WPF applications, but again, you'll need a framework for that.
btw; it's not that the property won't be set to that value, it's just a different way to look at your question.
So if your use case is actually how to restrict and easily apply some business rules on a view or data-model, this is an accepted method. If you keep it to your original question can I do a conditional set without an if and a field?
, the answer is no.
Some more attributes can be found here.