I do not understan why this code is not working. Please, try to be specific in your anwer because it must be something really silly.
$("#cagree").on("change", function(e){
if($("#chbx").attr("checked")){
$("#submitbtn").button("enable");
} else {
$("#submitbtn").button("disable");
}
});
<script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.9.1/jquery.min.js"></script>
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>My Page</title>
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
</head>
<body>
<div data-role="page">
<div data-role="content">
<label><input type="checkbox" name="checkbox-0" id="chbx" class="cagree"> I agree </input></label>
<input type="button" value="Submit" id="submitbtn" class="submit" disabled/>
</div><!-- /content -->
</div><!-- /page -->
</body>
</html>