When should I create a destructor?

Question

For example:

public class Person
{
    public Person()
    {
    }

    ~Person()
    {
    }
}

When should I manually create a destructor? When have you needed to create a destructor?

Answer 1

UPDATE: This question was the subject of my blog in May of 2015. Thanks for the great question! See the blog for a long list of falsehoods that people commonly believe about finalization.

When should I manually create a destructor?

Almost never.

Typically one only creates a destructor when your class is holding on to some expensive unmanaged resource that must be cleaned up when the object goes away. It is better to use the disposable pattern to ensure that the resource is cleaned up. A destructor is then essentially an assurance that if the consumer of your object forgets to dispose it, the resource still gets cleaned up eventually. (Maybe.)

If you make a destructor be extremely careful and understand how the garbage collector works. Destructors are really weird:

• They don't run on your thread; they run on their own thread. Don't cause deadlocks!
• An unhandled exception thrown from a destructor is bad news. It's on its own thread; who is going to catch it?
• A destructor may be called on an object after the constructor starts but before the constructor finishes. A properly written destructor will not rely on invariants established in the constructor.
• A destructor can "resurrect" an object, making a dead object alive again. That's really weird. Don't do it.
• A destructor might never run; you can't rely on the object ever being scheduled for finalization. It probably will be, but that's not a guarantee.

Almost nothing that is normally true is true in a destructor. Be really, really careful. Writing a correct destructor is very difficult.

When have you needed to create a destructor?

When testing the part of the compiler that handles destructors. I've never needed to do so in production code. I seldom write objects that manipulate unmanaged resources.

Answer 2

It's called a "finalizer", and you should usually only create one for a class whose state (i.e.: fields) include unmanaged resources (i.e.: pointers to handles retrieved via p/invoke calls). However, in .NET 2.0 and later, there's actually a better way to deal with clean-up of unmanaged resources: SafeHandle. Given this, you should pretty much never need to write a finalizer again.

Answer 3

You don't need one unless your class maintains unmanaged resources like Windows file handles.

Answer 4

I have used a destructor (for debug purposes only) to see if an object was being purged from memory in the scope of a WPF application. I was unsure if garbage collection was truly purging the object from memory, and this was a good way to verify.

Answer 5

It's called a destructor/finalizer, and is usually created when implementing the Disposed pattern.

It's a fallback solution when the user of your class forgets to call Dispose, to make sure that (eventually) your resources gets released, but you do not have any guarantee as to when the destructor is called.

In this Stack Overflow question, the accepted answer correctly shows how to implement the dispose pattern. This is only needed if your class contain any unhandeled resources that the garbage collector does not manage to clean up itself.

A good practice is to not implement a finalizer without also giving the user of the class the possibility to manually Disposing the object to free the resources right away.

Answer 6

When you have unmanaged resources and you need to make sure they will be cleaned up when your object goes away. Good example would be COM objects or File Handlers.

Answer 7

Destructors provide an implicit way of freeing unmanaged resources encapsulated in your class, they get called when the GC gets around to it and they implicitly call the Finalize method of the base class. If you're using a lot of unmanaged resources it is better to provide an explicit way of freeing those resources via the IDisposable interface. See the C# programming guide: http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/66x5fx1b.aspx

Answer 8

Answer: When you have to release unmanaged resources, like file handles, database connections, etc.

// Example
public class Person
{
    private FileStream _fileStream;

    public Person()
    {
        _fileStream = new FileStream("test.txt", FileMode.Open);
    }

    ~Person()
    {
        _fileStream.Close();
    }
}

Explanation: The destructor is called when the object is garbage collected. It is not called when the object is destroyed by the programmer. It is called when the object is no longer referenced by any other object. It is called when the object is no longer in scope. It is called when the object is no longer in memory.