You need to install the dev version of the libcrypt package in Termux:
apt install libcrypt-dev
This version of the package includes the required crypt.h
header file.
Trying it out
I dug out an old alarm clock/Android tablet I had lying around in order to test this out. I followed the instructions I found in this blog post to install Jupyter. After a bunch of system updates, a bricking:

and an unbricking, I ended up getting the same error that you did, and I solved it by installing the libcrypt-dev
package. All of the Python packages were very slow to build in Termux on the tablet, but I did get Jupyter notebook to work:

So it does indeed appear that installing libcrypt-dev
fixes the problem.