All logs are always default enabled.
I think you are viewing logs in error view.
Check
- You are viewing logs in Verbose
- Your filter is set to selected app.
- You have selected your app not other app. (where in below image no debuggable process is written)

Android Log.v(), Log.d(), Log.i(), Log.w(), Log.e() - When to use each one?
Log.e: This is for when bad stuff happens. Use this tag in places like inside a catch statement. You know that an error has occurred and therefore you're logging an error.
Log.w: Use this when you suspect something shady is going on. You may not be completely in full on error mode, but maybe you recovered from some unexpected behavior. Basically, use this to log stuff you didn't expect to happen but isn't necessarily an error. Kind of like a "hey, this happened, and it's weird, we should look into it."
Log.i: Use this to post useful information to the log. For example: that you have successfully connected to a server. Basically use it to report successes.
Log.d: Use this for debugging purposes. If you want to print out a bunch of messages so you can log the exact flow of your program, use this. If you want to keep a log of variable values, use this.
Log.v: Use this when you want to go absolutely nuts with your logging. If for some reason you've decided to log every little thing in a particular part of your app, use the Log.v tag.
Explanation by link Kurtis Nusbaum
Update:
If above things does not work then you are facing an device setting issue. Some mobiles have set default log level to DEBUG or ERROR. Allow logging from phone setting.
You can check if log is loggable by Log.isLoggable()
Check
Settings -> Accessibility -> Developer options -> advanced logging->set "Allow all"
or
Settings->Accessibility - > Developer Options -> Performance optimization -> Advanced logging -> set "Allow all"
or for other phone search in "developers options": option "logging" and set "all".
- also you can use Log.wtf when your Log.d is not working.
- try restarting android studio also