Multiple definition of namespace function

Question

I just can't get my head around why this won't compile.

I have three files:

main.cpp

#include "expression.h"

int main(int argc, char** argv)
{

    return 0;
}

expression.h

#ifndef _EXPRESSION_H
#define _EXPRESSION_H

namespace OP
{
  char getSymbol(const unsigned char& o)
  {
    return '-';
  }
};

#endif /* _EXPRESSION_H */

And expression.cpp

#include "expression.h"

(Ofc there is more inside of it, but even if I comment everything except for the #include out it doesn't work)

I compile it with

g++ main.cpp expression.cpp -o main.exe

This is the error I get:

C:\Users\SCHIER~1\AppData\Local\Temp\ccNPDxb6.o:expression.cpp:(.text+0x0): multiple definition of `OP::getSymbol(unsigned char const&)'
C:\Users\SCHIER~1\AppData\Local\Temp\cc6W7Cpm.o:main.cpp:(.text+0x0): first defined here
collect2.exe: error: ld returned 1 exit status

The thing is, it seems to parse expression.h two times. If I just compile it using main.cpp OR expression.cpp I don't get the error. The compiler just ignores my #ifndef and continues...

Any clues?

For each file a definition of the function is added to the generated object file. When the program is linked, the linker sees 2 versions of the same function and doesn't know which to use. Fix: declare the function as `inline` in the header file. — Richard Critten, May 23 '18 at 07:43
> from http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/language/definition: There can be more than one definition in a program, as long as each definition appears in a **different translation unit**, of each of the following: class type, enumeration type, **inline function** with external linkage inline variable with external linkage (since C++17), class template, non-static function template, static data member of a class template, member function of a class template, partial template specialization, concept, (since C++20) as long as all of the following is true: — Chen Li, May 23 '18 at 07:48

score 14 · Accepted Answer · answered May 23 '18 at 07:42

The thing is, it seems to parse expression.h two times.

Of course it does. You include it in two different cpp files. Each inclusion dumps the content of the header into that translation unit, so you get two definitions of the same function, making the linker rightfully complain. This has nothing to do with include guards, which protect you from accidentally including twice in the same file.

You can, however, have a function defined in a header. So long as it's marked inline. So do this:

namespace OP
{
  inline char getSymbol(const unsigned char& o)
  {
    return '-';
  }
}

inline here is a promise that all of those functions are the exact same one, to the letter. So the multiple definitions are in fact considered one and the same. Be careful not to break this promise however (don't use any construct that can change the function body depending on where it's included).

And by the way, a namespace doesn't need to be terminated with a ;, so I took the liberty of removing it.

Multiple definition of namespace function

1 Answers1

Linked