Any JavaScript framework using a Virtual DOM (Angular, Vue.js, React...) will make this much easier (and faster) than jQuery or Vanilla JavaScript. That said, frameworks can't coexist with each other and are very bad at coexisting with libraries like jQuery; I recommend basing the decision on more than just a problem like this, which can be solved with and without any of them.
Here it is in Vue; the most to-the-point framework I've worked with:
new Vue({
el: '#options',
data: {
array: [
'option 1',
'option 2',
'i lost count'
]
}
})
<script src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/vue/dist/vue.js"></script>
<select id="options">
<option v-for="value in array">
{{ value }}
</option >
</select>