The file is called connections.xml
and on Windows is located in:
"%appdata%\Roaming\SQL Developer\system<some-numbers>\o.jdeveloper.db.connection.<some-other-numbers>\connections.xml"
For example:
C:\Users\XXX\AppData\Roaming\SQL Developer\system3.2.20.09.87\o.jdeveloper.db.connection.11.1.1.4.37.59.48\connections.xml
There you will find entities like this:
<Reference name="XXXXXXX" className="oracle.jdeveloper.db.adapter.DatabaseProvider" xmlns="">
<Factory className="oracle.jdeveloper.db.adapter.DatabaseProviderFactory"/>
<RefAddresses>
...
<StringRefAddr addrType="ConnName">
<Contents>MY DATABASE</Contents>
</StringRefAddr>
<StringRefAddr addrType="customUrl">
<Contents>jdbc:oracle:thin:@xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx:1521:service_name</Contents>
</StringRefAddr>
<StringRefAddr addrType="password">
<Contents>0540C826BDC964bFF7C1E309587AAA35D53B34ACAC8A595A52</Contents>
</StringRefAddr>
</RefAddresses>
The hash is DES cipher - some examples here: https://stackoverflow.com/a/18021526/9655177. It is a decryption example, but you can reverse it.