Accessing bytes of an object in C

Question

Unfortunately, I haven't found anything like std-discussion for the ISO C standard, so I'll ask here.

Before answering the question, make sure you are familiar with the idea of pointer provenance (see DR260 and/or http://www.open-std.org/jtc1/sc22/wg14/www/docs/n2263.htm).

6.3.2.3(Pointers) paragraph 7 says:

When a pointer to an object is converted to a pointer to a character type, the result points to the lowest addressed byte of the object. Successive increments of the result, up to the size of the object, yield pointers to the remaining bytes of the object.

The questions are:

1. What does "a pointer to an object" mean? Does it mean that if we want to get the pointer to the lowest addressed byte of an object of type T, we shall convert a pointer of type cvT* to a pointer to a character type, and converting a pointer to void, obtained from the pointer of type T*, won't give us desired result? Or "a pointer to an object" is the value of a pointer which follows from the pointer provenance and cast to void* does not change the value (analogous to how it was recently formalized in C++17)?

2. Why the paragraph explicitly mentions increments? Does it mean that adding value greater than 1 is undefined? Does it mean that decrementing (after we have incremented the result several times so that we won't go beyond the lower object boundary) is undefined? In short: is the sequences of bytes composing an object an array?

Answer 1

The general description of pointer addition suggests that for any values/types of pointer p and signed integers x and y where ((ptr+x)+y) and (x+y) are both defined by the Standard, (ptr+(x+y)) would behave equivalent to ((ptr+x)+y). While it might be possible to argue that the Standard doesn't explicitly say that incrementing a pointer five times would be equivalent to adding 5, there is nothing in the Standard that would suggest that quality implementations should not be expected to behave in that fashion.

Note that the authors of the Standard didn't try to make it "language-lawyer-proof". Further, they didn't think anyone would care about whether or not an obviously-inferior implementation was "conforming". An implementation that only works reliably if bytes of an object are accessed sequentially would be less versatile than one which supported reliable indexing, while offering no plausible advantage. Consequently, there should be no need for the Standard to mandate support for indexing, because anyone trying to produce a quality implementation would support it whether the Standard mandated it or not.

Of course, there are some constructs which programmers in the 1990s--or even the authors of the Standard themselves--expected quality compilers to handle reliably, but which some of today's "clever" compilers don't. Whether that means such expectations were unreasonable, or whether they remain accurate when applied to quality compilers, is a matter of opinion. In this particular case, I think the implication that positive indexing should behave like repeated incrementing is strong enough that I wouldn't expect compiler writers to argue otherwise, but I'm not 100% certain that no compiler would ever be "clever"/obtuse enough to look at something like:

int test(unsigned char foo[5][5], int x)
{
  foo[1][0] = 1;

  // Following should yield a pointer that can be used to access the entire
  // array 'foo', but an obtuse compiler writer could perhaps argue that the
  // code is converting the address of foo[0] into a pointer to the first
  // element of that sub-array, and that the resulting pointer is thus only
  // usable to access items within that sub-array.

  unsigned char *p = (unsigned char*)foo;

  // Following should be able to access any element of the object [i.e. foo]
  // whose address was taken

  p[x] = 2;

  return foo[1][0];
}

and decide that it could skip the second read of foo[1][0] since p[x] wouldn't possibly access any element of foo beyond the first row. I would, however, say that programmers should not try to code around the possibility of vandals writing a compiler that would behave that way. No program can be made bullet-proof against vandals writing obtuse-but-"conforming" compilers, and the fact that a program can be undermined by such vandals should hardly be viewed as a defect.

Answer 2

Take a non-char c object and create a pointer to it, i.e.

int obj;
int *objPtr = &obj;

convert the pointer to object to pointer to char:

char *charPtr = (char *)objPtr;

now, charPtr points to the lowest byte or the int obj. increment it:

charPtr++;

now it points to the next byte of the object. and so on till you reach the size of the object:

int i;
for (i = 0; i < sizeof(obj); i++) 
    printf("%d", *charPtr++);