You need to use gettext_with_context
hook instead of gettext
to be able to make it work this way:
add_filter('gettext_with_context', 'rename_woocommerce_admin_text', 100, 4 );
function rename_woocommerce_admin_text( $translated, $text, $context, $domain ) {
if( $domain == 'woocommerce' && $context == 'Admin menu name' && $translated == 'Bestellungen' ) {
// Here your custom text
$translated = 'Custom text';
}
return $translated;
}
Code goes in function.php file of your active child theme (active theme). Tested and works.

Or you can also use this that will target the non translated "Orders" text instead:
add_filter('gettext_with_context', 'rename_woocommerce_admin_text', 100, 4 );
function rename_woocommerce_admin_text( $translated, $text, $context, $domain ) {
if( $domain == 'woocommerce' && $context == 'Admin menu name' && $text == 'Orders' ) {
$translated = __('Custom text', $domain );
}
return $translated;
}
Code goes in function.php file of your active child theme (active theme). Tested and works.