What is an actual difference between redux and a state machine (e.g. xstate)?

Question

I am working on investigation of one front-end application of medium complexity. At this moment it is written in pure javascript, it has a lot of different event-based messages connecting few main parts of this application.

We decided that we need to implement some kind of state container for this application in scope of further refactoring. Previously I had some experience with redux and ngrx store (which actually follows the same principles).

Redux is an option for us, but one of the developers proposed using a state-machine based library, in particular the xstate library.

I've never worked with xstate, so I found it interesting and started reading documentation and looking at different examples. Looked promising and powerful, but at some point I understood that I don't see any significant difference between it and redux.

I spent hours trying to find an answer, or any other information comparing xstate and redux. I didn't find any clear information, except some articles like "get from redux to a state machine", or links to libraries focused on using redux and xstate together (quite weird).

If someone can describe the difference or tell me when developers should choose xstate - you are welcome to.

Answer 1

I created XState, but I'm not going to tell you whether to use one over the other; that depends on your team. Instead, I'll try to highlight some key differences.

Redux	XState
essentially a state container where events (called actions in Redux) are sent to a reducer which update state	also a state container, but separates finite state (e.g., "loading", "success") from "infinite state", or context (e.g., items: [...])
does not dictate how you define your reducers - they are plain functions that return the next state given the current state and event (action)	a "reducer with rules" - you define legal transitions between finite states due to events, and also which actions should be executed in a transition (or on entry/exit from a state)
does not have a built-in way to handle side-effects; there are many community options, like redux-thunk, redux-saga, etc.	makes actions (side-effects) declarative and explicit - they are part of the State object that is returned on each transition (current state + event)
currently has no way to visualize transitions between states, since it does not discern between finite and infinite state	has a visualizer: https://statecharts.github.io/xstate-viz which is feasible due to the declarative nature
the implicit logic/behavior represented in reducers can't be serialized declaratively (e.g., in JSON)	machine definitions, which represent logic/behavior, can be serialized to JSON, and read from JSON; this makes behavior very portable and configurable by external tools
not strictly a state machine	adheres strictly to the W3C SCXML specification: https://www.w3.org/TR/scxml/
relies on the developer to manually prevent impossible states	uses statecharts to naturally define boundaries for handling events, which prevents impossible states and can be statically analyzed
encourages the use of a single, "global" atomic store	encourages the use of an Actor-model-like approach, where there can be many hierarchical statechart/"service" instances that communicate with each other

I will add more key differences to the docs this week.

Answer 2

State machine does not tell (force) you to have Unidirectional data flow. It has nothing to do with data flow. It is more about constraining state changes and about state transitions. So, generally only some parts of the application would be designed with State machines, only and only if you need to constraint/forbid some state changes and you are interested in transitions.

Beware that with state machines, if for some reason (external API dependency etc...), there is chance that app might get locked in a state where it can't transition to another state because of constraints, you have to solve it.

But if you are only interested in last app state itself, instead of state transitions, and state constraints do not matter, then you better be not using state machine and directly be updating state itself (you can still wrap state in a Singleton class update through Action classes).

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On the other hand, Redux is Unidirectional architecture framework. Unidirectional architectures enforce you to have single direction of data flow. In Redux, it starts with User->View->(Action)->Store->Reducer->(Middleware)->Store->(State)->View. Like State Machines, you can trigger side effects with Middlewares in Redux. You can constraint/forbid State transitions, if you want. Different from State Machine, Redux forces unidirectional data flow, pure! reducer functions, immutable state objects, single observable app state.

Answer 3

few of my points below.

• The UI-state and business/backend state are coupled together in redux. Because of this every update on the ui or business state creates a data update in the redux store.
• Xstate decouples UI state and backend state.
• In redux all nodes are present inside a root node. Xstate decentralises and distributes data inside independent Machines.
• Application can only transition between the states defined already. So any error or bug can be fixed in the Machine itself.
• Internal states are managed by the Machine itself in Xstate. Redux represents new states as flags.
• Renderer agonistic - keeping as much of the state hoisted into Machines, and if we need, we can switch rendering frameworks relatively easy (eg from react to vue).
• Contexts provides concrete class to present a single interface to the outside world.