There are currently lots of suggestions for the scripted syntax, but for the declarative syntax work is in progress to support this.
Track the progress of https://issues.jenkins-ci.org/browse/JENKINS-26522 which groups all of the pieces together to achieve this. It has some interesting bits already marked as 'Resolved' (meaning a code change was made), such as https://issues.jenkins-ci.org/browse/JENKINS-49764 ( "Allow define a custom status for pipeline stage"). Unfortunately, I cannot find references to any of the tickets involved in the Jenkins changelog which would make sense since the parent ticket is not yet finished.
Of interest might also be the following : https://issues.jenkins-ci.org/browse/JENKINS-45579 which was reopened due to an issue. The environment for this is :

Admittedly, there are a confusing number of tickets tracking this work, but that is probably due to the fact that the functionality being implemented has a number of use-cases.
Another interesting ticket is "Individual Pipeline steps and stages/blocks should have Result statuses" , for which I was able to find a related PR: https://github.com/jenkinsci/workflow-api-plugin/pull/63
It is worth noting that the declarative pipeline was always designed as being opinionated and as such was not meant to support everything possible with the scripted syntax. For more complicated workflows and use-cases where it does not serve your needs, scripted syntax may be the only (and recommended?) option.
For needs such as the one you've stated, if enough noise is made, the declarative pipeline will probably be modified in due course to support it.