In buildroot, besides selecting the compression mechanism you can also select the output format for the kernel image (uImage, zImage, vmlinux ...).
You should find on of those in your output/images/
or in the build directory of your kernel.
When using U-boot you probably want to use the uImage or the zImage. See this question. Both of them will be compressed if selected in the kernel configuration (CONFIG_KERNEL_GZIP).
During boot the uncompressed size of the kernel is logged in the beginning. You can compare it to the size on your filesystem.
## Booting kernel from Legacy Image at 10000000 ...
Image Name: Linux-4.14.73-ltsi
Created: 2019-05-14 11:55:16 UTC
Image Type: ARM Linux Kernel Image (uncompressed)
Data Size: 4684016 Bytes = 4.5 MiB
Load Address: 00008000
Entry Point: 00008000
...