What it does instead is it just hangs.
Run your OS inside BOCHS so you can use BOCHS's built-in debugger to see exactly where it's stuck.
Being able to debug lockups, including with interrupts disabled, is probably very useful...
asm volatile("call (%0)" : : "r" (&code)); is unsafe because of missing clobbers.
But even worse than that it will load a new EIP value from the first 4 bytes of the array, instead of setting EIP to that address. (Unless the data you're loading is an array of pointers, not actual machine code?)
You have the %0 in parentheses, so it's an addressing mode. The assembler will warn you about an indirect call without *, but will assemble it like call *(%eax), with EAX = the address of code[0][0]. You actually want a call *%eax or whatever register the compiler chooses, register-indirect not memory-indirect.
&code and code are both just a pointer to the start of the array; &code doesn't create an anonymous pointer object storing the address of another address. &code takes the address of the array as a whole. code in this context "decays" to a pointer to the first object.
https://gcc.gnu.org/wiki/DontUseInlineAsm (for this).
You can get the compiler to emit a call instruction by casting the pointer to a function pointer.
__builtin___clear_cache(&code[0][0], &code[30][255]); // don't optimize away stores into the buffer
void (*fptr)(void) = (void*)code; // casting to void* instead of the actual target type is simpler
fptr();
That will compile (with optimization enabled) to something like lea 16(%esp), %eax / call *%eax, for 32-bit x86, because your code[][] buffer is an array on the stack.
Or to have it emit a jmp instead, do it at the end of a void function, or return funcptr(); in a non-void function, so the compiler can optimize the call/ret into a jmp tailcall.
If it doesn't return, you can declare it with __attribute__((noreturn)).
Make sure the memory page / segment is executable. (Your uint16_t code[]; is a local, so gcc will allocate it on the stack. This might not be what you want. The size is a compile-time constant so you could make it static, but if you do that for other arrays in other sibling functions (not parent or child), then you lose out on the ability to reuse a big chunk of stack memory for different arrays.)
This is much better than your unsafe inline asm. (You forgot a "memory" clobber, so nothing tells the compiler that your asm actually reads the pointed-to memory). Also, you forgot to declare any register clobbers; presumably the block of code you loaded will have clobbered some registers if it returns, unless it's written to save/restore everything.
In GNU C you do need to use __builtin__clear_cache when casting a data pointer to a function pointer. On x86 it doesn't actually clear any cache, it's telling the compiler that the stores to that memory are not dead because it's going to be read by execution. See How does __builtin___clear_cache work?
Without that, gcc could optimize away the copying into uint16_t code[sectors][256]; because it looks like a dead store. (Just like with your current inline asm which only asks for the pointer in a register.)
As a bonus, this part of your OS becomes portable to other architectures, including ones like ARM without coherent instruction caches where that builtin expands to a actual instructions. (On x86 it purely affects the optimizer).
read(basesector+sector);
It would probably be a good idea for your read function to take a destination pointer to read into, so you don't need to bounce data through your readOut buffer.
Also, I don't see why you'd want to declare your code as a 2D array; sectors are an artifact of how you're doing your disk I/O, not relevant to using the code after it's loaded. The sector-at-a-time thing should only be in the code for the loop that loads the data, not visible in other parts of your program.
char code[sectors * 512]; would be good.
