If the RGB space were rendered as a cube, white, black, red, green, blue, yellow, magenta, and cyan would be corners; gray would lie at the center of the cube.
Is there a name for colors on the surface of that cube?
In simple terms, non-grayness could be quantified (with r, g, and b from [0..1]) as
abs(max(r, g, b) - .5) / .5
Here, white, black, red, orange, etc. would have a "non-grayness" of 1.