Actually, you can!
Simulator:
Write / duplicate your shared data to this location; it should be accessible to both the UITestRunner and your application. Remember to have a mechanism to ensure this does not make it to production code.
NSString * pathAsString = [NSProcessInfo processInfo].environment[@"SIMULATOR_SHARED_RESOURCES_DIRECTORY"];
Device:
Your UITestRunner should share the same Group Identifier as the app under test. Then you can access the shared resources folder. This does not work on Simulator because the UITestRunner is not signed for simulator targets, and it must be signed and part of the Shared Group in order to access the group.
NSURL *containerURL = [NSFileManager.defaultManager containerURLForSecurityApplicationGroupIdentifier:groupIdentifier];
Paulo Andrade has a nice blog post on how to do this:
https://pfandrade.me/blog/managing-ios-ui-testing-fixtures/