I was able to enable card-emulation mode on the Nexus S. I will post more information about the process on xda-developers.
However, after a lot of hacking, I was only able to force some fixed data on the SE (Secure Element). I also force the SE to have a fixed ID. On an unhacked Nexus S, the ID changes all the time.
When I tried to read the Card-emulated Nexus S, using an NFC Shield on Arduino, I got the ID of the card and the forced data on the SE. However, when I tried to read my phone using another Nexus S, the phone was not even detected.
The "forced fixed data" on the SE can only be set within the source code of Android, in my attempt. I have not yet found a way to write data to the SE using an android application.