I have created the following email template and send email to clients from my website (ASP.NET MVC, C#) using SendGrid. Note that there is an envelope icon at the end of the email.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head></head>
<body>
<p>Some email content</p>
<hr/>
<p>reply info: </p>
<p>
<img src='https://prod-shopless-cdn.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/icons/email-icon.svg' alt='email' height='20' style='vertical-align: middle; padding-right: 5px;'>
<a rel='nofollow' ymailto='mailto:john@some-domain.com' href='mailto:john@some-domain.com'>john@some-domain.com</a>
</p>
</body>
</html>
When I send the email to a yahoo address, I see the following is prepended to the image url: https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?
but the image still shows fine:
<p>
<img src="https://ecp.yusercontent.com/mail?url=https%3A%2F%2Fprod-shopless-cdn.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com%2Ficons%2Femail-icon.svg&t=1577343946&ymreqid=eab30077-9a08-b7e9-1c70-820001015100&sig=idgsn8ycGFqhWibk5cnXTQ--~C" alt="email" height="20" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-right:5px;">
<a rel="nofollow" ymailto="mailto:john@some-domain.com" target="_blank" href="mailto:john@some-domain.com">john@some-domain.com</a>
</p>
When I send the email to a Gmail account, I see the following is prepended to the image url: https://ci5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/fMePoJvSwECei02DF_cx9SKczcRDRDa9XeJs263AGBRUysoCNxeZhErF834cSHBLcBGkDR-JWdfqhZkW878P9A3gM7nh8dRfdNxjVpBrGiNBBJCoRnNmBrkSAoF-TBu3IQ=s0-d-e1-ft#
and the image no longer shows.
<p>
<img src="https://ci5.googleusercontent.com/proxy/fMePoJvSwECei02DF_cx9SKczcRDRDa9XeJs263AGBRUysoCNxeZhErF834cSHBLcBGkDR-JWdfqhZkW878P9A3gM7nh8dRfdNxjVpBrGiNBBJCoRnNmBrkSAoF-TBu3IQ=s0-d-e1-ft#https://prod-shopless-cdn.s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/icons/email-icon.svg"
alt="email" height="20" style="vertical-align:middle;padding-right:5px" class="CToWUd">
<a rel="nofollow" href="mailto:john@some-domain.com" target="_blank">john@some-domain.com</a>
</p>
How can I resolve this issue?