why did one value change but the second value did not?

Question

a = [ 1, 2 ]
b = a
a.append(3)
print(b) # shows [ 1 2 3 ] which means b changed

c = 4
d = c
c = 8
print(d) # shows 4 which means d did not change

Why did b change, but d did not? the .append changed the value stored in b, but c = 8 did not change the value in d

Answer 1

The two examples are not equivalent.

By doing b = a you are telling b to point to the same list that a points to. If you change the list through a it will be changed even if introspected through b. There is only ever one list in memory.

In the second example you are doing d = c which tells d to point to the same integer that c does, but then you are telling c to point to another integer. d does not know about it, and it is still pointing to the same integer that c used to point to.

The equivalent example using lists to your second example will be

a = [1, 2]
b = a
a = []
print(a)
# []
print(b)
# [1, 2]

Check these visualizations:

Your first example

Your second example

My example

Answer 2

The answer provided by @DeepSpace is a good explanation.

If you want to check if two variables are pointing to the same memory location you can use is operator and to print them use id.

>>> a=[1,2]
>>> b=a
>>> a is b
True
>>> id(a),id(b)
(2865413182600, 2865413182600)
>>> a.append(2)
>>> a,b,id(a),id(b)
([1,2,2],[1,2,2],2865413182600, 2865413182600)
>>> a=[1,2]
>>> b=[1,2]
>>> a is b
False

Answer 3

It's all about if the object you assign is mutable or immutable.

Simply put - mutable objects can be changed after they are created, immutable objects can't.

Considering you have a variable a that is assigned to an object, when you point a new variable to the a variable, there are two possibilities:

1. If an object is mutable -> you will just point to the same object with your new variable
2. If an object is immutable -> you will assign a new object to your new variable.

Your first case:

• First you create a list a, which is a mutable object
• Then you point with a second variable b to the same list object.
• When you change value, you just change a mutable object, to which both variables are pointing.

In second case:

• First you assign a variable c to an immutable int=4 object.
• Then you assign it to the second variable d.
• And what happens next, is that you assign a new immutable int=8 object to the variable c.

There is plenty of articles about what does it mean that an object is mutable, for example: https://medium.com/@meghamohan/mutable-and-immutable-side-of-python-c2145cf72747