I have combined two different guides from the same website to attempt to create an OS that boots using one guide then runs a calculator which I used from another guide. The two guides work separately but after attempting to put them together I ran into a couple blocks. One I managed to fix but this is still bugging me. After using NASM to compile the Code, it pops up with the error:
sOS_Calculator_Mk_II.asm:342: error: TIMES value -219 is negative
As I am new to this whole Assembly Code thing I hope that someone can help me! Please try to make your answers as simple as possible or just replace the code with the fix and stick it in your answer. My code is below. Thank you!
[bits 16] ; tell assembler that working in real mode(16 bit mode)
[org 0x7c00] ; organize from 0x7C00 memory location where BIOS will load us
start: ; start label from where our code starts
xor ax,ax ; set ax register to 0
mov ds,ax ; set data segment(ds) to 0
mov es,ax ; set extra segment(es) to 0
mov bx,0x8000
mov ax,0x13 ;clears the screen
int 0x10 ;call bios video interrupt
mov ah,02 ;clear the screen with big font
int 0x10 ;interrupt display
;set cursor to specific position on screen
mov ah,0x02 ; set value for change to cursor position
mov bh,0x00 ; page
mov dh,0x06 ; y cordinate/row
mov dl,0x09 ; x cordinate/col
int 0x10
mov si, start_os_intro ; point start_os_intro string to source index
call _print_DiffColor_String ; call print different color string function
;set cursor to specific position on screen
mov ah,0x02
mov bh,0x00
mov dh,0x10
mov dl,0x06
int 0x10
mov si,press_key ; point press_key string to source index
call _print_GreenColor_String ; call print green color string function
mov ax,0x00 ; get keyboard input
int 0x16 ; interrupt for hold & read input
;/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
; load second sector into memory
mov ah, 0x02 ; load second stage to memory
mov al, 1 ; numbers of sectors to read into memory
mov dl, 0x80 ; sector read from fixed/usb disk
mov ch, 0 ; cylinder number
mov dh, 0 ; head number
mov cl, 2 ; sector number
mov bx, _OS_Stage_2 ; load into es:bx segment :offset of buffer
int 0x13 ; disk I/O interrupt
jmp _OS_Stage_2 ; jump to second stage
;/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
; declaring string datas here
start_os_intro db 'Welcome to My OS!',0
press_key db '>>>> Press any key <<<<',0
login_username db 'Username : ',0
login_password db 'Password : ',0
display_text db '! Welcome to my Operating System !', 0
os_info db 10, 'My Operating System, 16-Bit, version=1.0.0',13,0
press_key_2 db 10,'Press any key to go to graphics view',0
window_text db 10,'Graphics in OS......', 0
hello_world_text db 10,10, ' Hello World!',0
login_label db '#] Login please....(ESC to skip login)', 0
;/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
; defining printing string functions here
;****** print string without color
print_string:
mov ah, 0x0E ; value to tell interrupt handler that take value from al & print it
.repeat_next_char:
lodsb ; get character from string
cmp al, 0 ; cmp al with end of string
je .done_print ; if char is zero, end of string
int 0x10 ; otherwise, print it
jmp .repeat_next_char ; jmp to .repeat_next_char if not 0
.done_print:
ret ;return
;****** print string with different colors
_print_DiffColor_String:
mov bl,1 ;color value
mov ah, 0x0E
.repeat_next_char:
lodsb
cmp al, 0
je .done_print
add bl,6 ;increase color value by 6
int 0x10
jmp .repeat_next_char
.done_print:
ret
;****** print string with green color
_print_GreenColor_String:
mov bl,10
mov ah, 0x0E
.repeat_next_char:
lodsb
cmp al, 0
je .done_print
int 0x10
jmp .repeat_next_char
.done_print:
ret
;****** print string with white color
_print_WhiteColor_String:
mov bl,15
mov ah, 0x0E
.repeat_next_char:
lodsb
cmp al, 0
je .done_print
int 0x10
jmp .repeat_next_char
.done_print:
ret
;****** print string with yellow color
_print_YellowColor_String:
mov bl,14
mov ah, 0x0E
.repeat_next_char:
lodsb
cmp al, 0
je .done_print
int 0x10
jmp .repeat_next_char
.done_print:
ret
;///////////////////////////////////////////
; boot loader magic number
times ((0x200 - 2) - ($ - $$)) db 0x00 ;set 512 bytes for boot sector which are necessary
dw 0xAA55 ; boot signature 0xAA & 0x55
;////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
_OS_Stage_2 :
mov al,2 ; set font to normal mode
mov ah,0 ; clear the screen
int 0x10 ; call video interrupt
mov cx,0 ; initialize counter(cx) to get input
;***** print login_label on screen
;set cursor to specific position on screen
mov ah,0x02
mov bh,0x00
mov dh,0x00
mov dl,0x00
int 0x10
mov si,login_label ; point si to login_username
call print_string ; display it on screen
;****** read username
;set cursor to specific position on screen
mov ah,0x02
mov bh,0x00
mov dh,0x02
mov dl,0x00
int 0x10
mov si,login_username ; point si to login_username
call print_string ; display it on screen
_getUsernameinput:
mov ax,0x00 ; get keyboard input
int 0x16 ; hold for input
cmp ah,0x1C ; compare input is enter(1C) or not
je .exitinput ; if enter then jump to exitinput
cmp ah,0x01 ; compare input is escape(01) or not
je _skipLogin ; jump to _skipLogin
mov ah,0x0E ;display input char
int 0x10
inc cx ; increase counter
cmp cx,5 ; compare counter reached to 5
jbe _getUsernameinput ; yes jump to _getUsernameinput
jmp .inputdone ; else jump to inputdone
.inputdone:
mov cx,0 ; set counter to 0
jmp _getUsernameinput ; jump to _getUsernameinput
ret ; return
.exitinput:
hlt
;****** read password
;set x y position to text
mov ah,0x02
mov bh,0x00
mov dh,0x03
mov dl,0x00
int 0x10
mov si,login_password ; point si to login_username
call print_string ; display it on screen
_getPasswordinput:
mov ax,0x00
int 0x16
cmp ah,0x1C
je .exitinput
cmp ah,0x01
je _skipLogin
inc cx
cmp cx,5
jbe _getPasswordinput
jmp .inputdone
.inputdone:
mov cx,0
jmp _getPasswordinput
ret
.exitinput:
hlt
;****** display display_text on screen
;set x y position to text
mov ah,0x02
mov bh,0x00
mov dh,0x08
mov dl,0x12
int 0x10
mov si, display_text ;display display_text on screen
call print_string
;set x y position to text
mov ah,0x02
mov bh,0x00
mov dh,0x9
mov dl,0x10
int 0x10
mov si, os_info ;display os_info on screen
call print_string
;set x y position to text
mov ah,0x02
mov bh,0x00
mov dh,0x11
mov dl,0x11
int 0x10
mov si, press_key_2 ;display press_key_2 on screen
call print_string
mov ah,0x00
int 0x16
;//////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
_skipLogin:
;/////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
; load third sector into memory
mov ah, 0x03 ; load third stage to memory
mov al, 1
mov dl, 0x80
mov ch, 0
mov dh, 0
mov cl, 3 ; sector number 3
mov bx, _OS_Stage_3
int 0x13
jmp _OS_Stage_3
;////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
_OS_Stage_3:
mov ax,0x13 ; clears the screen
int 0x10
;******************************************
; jumping from rel mode to protected mode
; by using disk interrupt
mov ah, 0x02 ; load second stage to memory
mov al, 0x10 ; numbers of sectors to read into memory
mov dl, 0x80 ; sector read from fixed/usb disk
mov ch, 0 ; cylinder number
mov dh, 0 ; head number
mov cl, 2 ; sector number
mov bx, _start ; load into es:bx segment :offset of buffer
int 0x13 ; disk I/O interrupt
; before jumping clearing all interrupts
cli
; jump to protected mode
jmp _start ; jump to second stage
times (510 - ($ - $$)) db 0x00 ;set 512 bytes for boot sector which are necessary
dw 0xAA55 ; boot signature 0xAA & 0x55
; bootloader code end
;******************************************
; x86 code begin
_start:
main :
;******************************************
; set base pointer to heap
; and stack pointer to stack for functions and variables
mov ebp, __HEAP__
mov esp, __STACK__
; clear the screen
call clear_screen
; set cursor mosition
mov dword[X], 25
mov dword[Y], 0
push dword[X]
push dword[Y]
call goto_xy
add esp, 8
; print os message
mov esi, os_msg
call print_string
call print_new_line
call print_new_line
; display the calculator menu
call display_menu
;*************************************************
; this loop continue until valid coice is selected
.read_loop:
; read choice
call read_single_key
; assign choice to choice variable
mov ah, byte[KEYCODE]
mov byte[choice], ah
; if other entry is entered continue to loop
call read_single_key
mov ah, byte[KEYCODE]
cmp ah, byte[DELETE_KEY]
je main
; if enter key is pressed jump to perform_calulation
mov ah, byte[KEYCODE]
cmp ah, byte[ENTER_KEY]
je perform_operation
jmp .read_loop
ret
;******************************************
; this function displays calc string menu
display_menu :
push ebp
mov esi, calc_msg
call print_string
call print_new_line
call print_new_line
mov esi, menu_str
call print_string
call print_new_line
mov esi, addition_menu
call print_string
call print_new_line
mov esi, substraction_menu
call print_string
call print_new_line
mov esi, multiplication_menu
call print_string
call print_new_line
mov esi, division_menu
call print_string
call print_new_line
mov esi, modulus_menu
call print_string
call print_new_line
mov esi, logicaland_menu
call print_string
call print_new_line
mov esi, logicalor_menu
call print_string
call print_new_line
mov esi, clear_screen_menu
call print_string
call print_new_line
call print_new_line
mov esi, select_choice_str
call print_string
pop ebp
ret
;***********************************************
; this function read bytes of data from keyboard
; by converting it into dword
perform_operation :
; if choice = clear screen(8)
; get choice
mov al, byte[choice]
cmp al, byte[KEYCODE_8]
je perform_clear_screen
call print_new_line
; read first number bytes
mov esi, enter_first_number
call print_string
call read_data
; check all read bytes are numerics in BUFFER
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push ebx
call check_all_bytes_are_numeric
add esp, 4
cmp eax, 0
je .not_numerics
; convert bytes array into dword
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push ebx
call bytes_length
add esp, 4
push ebx
push eax
call byte_array_to_dword
add esp, 8
; assign read dword to number_1
mov dword[number_1], eax
; read second number
call print_new_line
mov esi, enter_second_number
call print_string
call read_data
; check all read bytes are numerics in BUFFER
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push ebx
call check_all_bytes_are_numeric
add esp, 4
cmp eax, 0
je .not_numerics
; convert bytes array into dword
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push ebx
call bytes_length
add esp, 4
push ebx
push eax
call byte_array_to_dword
add esp, 8
; assign read dword to number_2
mov dword[number_2], eax
; once reading numbers done,
; jump to operation by choice function
jmp perform_operation_by_choice
; when not numerics then display eror message
; and reload screen
.not_numerics :
call print_new_line
mov esi, error_msg
call print_string
call print_new_line
call reload_screen
ret
;****************************************************
; this function check the entered choice by keycodes,
; such as addition, substraction and jump to
; that specific procedure
perform_operation_by_choice :
; get choice
mov al, byte[choice]
; if addition
cmp al, byte[KEYCODE_1]
je perform_addition
; if substraction
cmp al, byte[KEYCODE_2]
je perform_substraction
; if multiplication
cmp al, byte[KEYCODE_3]
je perform_multiplication
; if division
cmp al, byte[KEYCODE_4]
je perform_division
; if modulus
cmp al, byte[KEYCODE_5]
je perform_modulus
; if logical and
cmp al, byte[KEYCODE_6]
je perform_logical_and
; if logical or
cmp al, byte[KEYCODE_7]
je perform_logical_or
; if other
; then display invalid choice message
call print_new_line
mov esi, invalid_choice_str
call print_string
call reload_screen
ret
;****************************
; call clear screen
; and then reload screen
; to reload calc menu
perform_clear_screen :
call clear_screen
call reload_screen
ret
;******************************************
; this function jumps to main
reload_screen :
call print_new_line
mov esi, reload_screen_msg
call print_string
call read_single_key
jmp main
;******************************************
; this function gets two numbers add them
; and stores the result in result variable
perform_addition :
mov eax, dword[number_1]
mov ebx, dword[number_2]
add eax, ebx
mov dword[result], eax
call print_new_line
mov esi, addition
call print_string
; convert dword to byte array
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push dword[result]
push ebx
call dword_to_byte_array
add esp, 8
; print byte array
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push ebx
call print_byte_array
add esp, 4
call print_new_line
call reload_screen
ret
;**********************************************
; this function gets two numbers substract them
; and stores the result in result variable
perform_substraction :
mov eax, dword[number_1]
mov ebx, dword[number_2]
sub eax, ebx
mov dword[result], eax
call print_new_line
mov esi, substraction
call print_string
; convert dword to byte array
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push dword[result]
push ebx
call dword_to_byte_array
add esp, 8
; print byte array
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push ebx
call print_byte_array
add esp, 4
call print_new_line
call reload_screen
ret
;**********************************************
; this function gets two numbers multiply them
; and stores the result in result variable
; when performing multiplication
; if result goes out of dword boundry
; it saves in edx register
perform_multiplication :
xor edx, edx
mov eax, dword[number_1]
mov ebx, dword[number_2]
mul ebx
mov dword[result], eax
; print result
call print_new_line
mov esi, multiplication
call print_string
; print result
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push dword[result]
push ebx
call dword_to_byte_array
add esp, 8
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push ebx
call print_byte_array
add esp, 4
call print_new_line
call reload_screen
ret
;********************************************
; this function gets two numbers divide them
; and stores the result in result variable
perform_division :
xor edx, edx
mov eax, dword[number_1]
mov ebx, dword[number_2]
div ebx
mov dword[result], eax
; print result
call print_new_line
mov esi, division
call print_string
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push dword[result]
push ebx
call dword_to_byte_array
add esp, 8
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push ebx
call print_byte_array
add esp, 4
call print_new_line
call reload_screen
ret
;**********************************************
; this function gets two numbers take mod of it
; and stores the result in result variable
perform_modulus :
xor edx, edx
mov eax, dword[number_1]
mov ebx, dword[number_2]
div ebx
mov dword[result], edx
; print result
call print_new_line
mov esi, modulus
call print_string
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push dword[result]
push ebx
call dword_to_byte_array
add esp, 8
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push ebx
call print_byte_array
add esp, 4
call print_new_line
call reload_screen
ret
;***********************************
; this function and the two numbers
perform_logical_and :
xor edx, edx
mov eax, dword[number_1]
mov ebx, dword[number_2]
and eax, ebx
mov dword[result], eax
; print result
call print_new_line
mov esi, logicaland
call print_string
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push dword[result]
push ebx
call dword_to_byte_array
add esp, 8
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push ebx
call print_byte_array
add esp, 4
call print_new_line
call reload_screen
ret
;***********************************
; this function or the two numbers
perform_logical_or :
xor edx, edx
mov eax, dword[number_1]
mov ebx, dword[number_2]
or eax, ebx
mov dword[result], eax
; print result
call print_new_line
mov esi, logicalor
call print_string
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push dword[result]
push ebx
call dword_to_byte_array
add esp, 8
lea ebx, [BUFFER]
push ebx
call print_byte_array
add esp, 4
call print_new_line
call reload_screen
ret
;*****************************************
; this function reads a single key
; stores character to KEYCHAR variable
; and keycode to KEYCODE variable
read_single_key :
push ebp
; keyboard interrupt
mov ax,0x00
int 0x16
mov byte[KEYCHAR], al
mov byte[KEYCODE], ah
; display the entered character
mov ah,0x0E
int 0x10
pop ebp
ret
;**********************************************
; this function keep reading data until
; enter key is pressed
; it stores char data into global buffer BUFFER
read_data :
push ebp
mov ecx, 0
.input_keys_loop :
; keyboard interrupt
mov ax,0x00
int 0x16
; if enter key, jump to exit
cmp ah, byte[ENTER_KEY]
je .exitinput
; display entered character
mov ah,0x0E
int 0x10
; add it to buffer
mov byte[BUFFER + ecx], al
inc ecx
jmp .input_keys_loop
.exitinput:
; add null terminator in buffer
mov byte[BUFFER + ecx], 0x00
pop ebp
ret
;*********************************************
; this function removes everything from screen
; and set cursor location to (0,0)
clear_screen :
mov ax,0x13
mov al,2
mov ah,0
int 0x10
mov byte[NEWLINE], 0
ret
;******************************************
.next_char_loop :
; get character in al
lodsb
cmp al, 0
je .exit
int 0x10
jmp .next_char_loop
.exit:
ret
;******************************************
; this function print array of bytes
; param ebp - 8 = address of buffer
print_byte_array:
mov ecx, 0
mov ebx, dword[ebp - 8]
.loop:
cmp byte[ebx + ecx], 0
je .exit
; get byte from buffer
mov al, byte[ebx + ecx]
mov ah, 0x0E
int 0x10
inc ecx
jmp .loop
.exit:
ret
;******************************************
; this function prints a single character
; param ebp - 8 = chracter
print_char :
push ebp
xor eax, eax
mov eax, dword[ebp - 8]
mov ah, 0x0E
int 0x10
pop ebp
ret
;***************************************************
; this function checks all bytes are from range 0..9
check_all_bytes_are_numeric :
push ebp
; get BUFFER address
mov ebx, dword[ebp - 8]
mov ecx, 0
.check_loop :
cmp byte[ebx + ecx], 0
je .exit
; if data is '0'
cmp byte[ebx + ecx], 0x30
jge .in_numeric
mov eax, 0
inc ecx
jmp .check_loop
.in_numeric :
; if data is '9'
cmp byte[ebx + ecx], 0x39
jle .numeric
mov eax, 0
jmp .exit
.numeric :
mov eax, 1
inc ecx
jmp .check_loop
.exit :
pop ebp
ret
;***************************************************
; this function gets each byte and multiply with
; decimal position such as 1,10,100,1000,...
; and finally add with the result to get dword
byte_array_to_dword :
push ebp
; get BUFFER address
mov ebx, dword[ebp - 8]
mov dword[number], 0
mov dword[decimal_pos], 1
; get digit count
mov ecx, dword[ebp - 12]
dec ecx
.convert_dword_loop :
cmp ecx, 0
jl .exit
xor eax, eax
xor edx, edx
; get original data
; character '1' = 0x31
; substract 0x30 from it
mov al, byte[ebx + ecx]
sub al, 0x30
push ebx
; clear ebx and edx for multiplication
xor ebx, ebx
xor edx, edx
; num * 1,10,100...
mov ebx, dword[decimal_pos]
mul ebx
add eax, dword[number]
mov dword[number], eax
; clear ebx and edx for multiplication
xor ebx, ebx
xor edx, edx
xor eax, eax
mov eax, dword[decimal_pos]
mov ebx, 10
mul ebx
mov dword[decimal_pos], eax
pop ebx
dec ecx
jmp .convert_dword_loop
.exit :
mov eax, dword[number]
pop ebp
ret
;****************************
; returns the number of bytes
bytes_length :
push ebp
; get buffer address
mov ebx, dword[ebp - 8]
mov eax, 0
.len_loop :
cmp byte[ebx + eax], 0
je .exit
; increment counter
inc eax
jmp .len_loop
.exit :
pop ebp
ret
;***************************************************
; ebp - 8 = passed number
; esp - 12 = count variable for storing the digit count
; eax = return of the count to caller
get_digit_count :
push ebp
; check if num is 0
cmp dword[ebp - 8], 0
je .num_is_zero
; allocate count variable on stack
sub esp, 4
mov dword[esp - 12], 0 ; count variable (count = 0)
.dg_cnt_loop :
; if num <= 0
cmp dword[ebp - 8], 0
jle .exit
; increment count
inc dword[esp - 12]
; clear eax, ebx and edx for division
xor eax, eax
xor ebx, ebx
xor edx, edx
; num / 10
mov eax, dword[ebp - 8]
mov ebx, 10
idiv ebx
; assign division result to num
mov dword[ebp - 8], eax
jmp .dg_cnt_loop
.num_is_zero :
; if num is 0 then return 1
mov eax, 1
; restore ebp
pop ebp
ret
.exit :
; assign count to eax
mov eax, dword[esp - 12]
; restore allocated local variables
add esp, 4
; restore ebp
pop ebp
ret
;******************************************************
; convert dword to array of bytes
; this function is same as itoa() in our C kernel code
; ebp - 8 = number
; ebp - 12 = address of byte array
; esp - 16 = digit_count variable
; esp - 20 = index variable
dword_to_byte_array :
push ebp
; allocate digit_count variable
sub esp, 4
mov dword[esp - 16], 0
; allocate index variable
sub esp, 4
mov dword[esp - 20], 0
; store the num value to ebx for temporary
; sometimes calling a function may lost the original value
; push the value in the stack
mov ebx, dword[ebp - 8]
push ebx
; get digit count of num by calling get_digit_count
mov eax, dword[ebp - 8]
push eax
call get_digit_count
add esp, 4
; pop the original num value
pop ebx
; assign it to variable
mov dword[ebp - 8], ebx
; assign digit count to digit count variable
mov dword[esp - 16], eax
; decrement digit count by 1 as index for byte array
dec eax
; assign index as digit_count to index variable
mov dword[esp - 20], eax
; if num <= 0
cmp dword[ebp - 8], 0
je .dwrd_to_bt_zero_num
; if num > 0
.convert_char_loop :
; if num <= 0
cmp dword[ebp - 8], 0
jle .exit_convrt_char
; clear eax, ebx and edx for division
xor eax, eax
xor ebx, ebx
xor edx, edx
; num / 10
mov eax, dword[ebp - 8]
mov ebx, 10
idiv ebx
; assign division result to num
mov dword[ebp - 8], eax
; convert digit to character
add dl, 0x30 ; 0x30 = '0'
; assign converted character to array
mov ebx, dword[ebp - 12] ; ebx = array address
mov ecx, dword[esp - 20] ; eax = index
mov byte[ebx + ecx], dl ; array[index] = char
; decrement index
dec dword[esp - 20]
jmp .convert_char_loop
.dwrd_to_bt_zero_num :
; if digit count == 1
cmp dword[esp - 16], 1
je .digit_count_is_1
.digit_count_is_1 :
; get array address
mov ebx, dword[ebp - 12]
mov byte[ebx], 0x30 ; character '0'
mov byte[ebx + 1], 0x00 ; null terminator
jmp .exit
.exit_convrt_char :
; get array address
mov ebx, dword[ebp - 12]
mov eax, dword[esp - 16]
mov byte[ebx + eax], 0x00 ; null terminator
jmp .exit
.exit :
add esp, 8
pop ebp
ret
;*****************************************
; this function increase NEWLINE variable
; and set cursor position to it
print_new_line :
push ebp
inc byte[NEWLINE]
mov ah, 0x02
mov bh, 0x00
mov dl, 0; x pos
mov dh, byte[NEWLINE]
int 0x10
pop ebp
ret
;********************************************
; this function sets the cursor position to
; provided x,y coordinates
goto_xy :
push ebp
mov ah, 0x02
mov bh, 0x00
mov dl, byte[ebp - 8]; x pos
mov dh, byte[ebp - 12] ; y pos
int 0x10
pop ebp
ret
;********************************
; clear the gloabl buffer BUFFER
clear_global_buffer :
mov ecx, 0
.clr_buf_loop :
cmp ecx, dword[BUFSIZE]
je .exit
mov byte[BUFFER + ecx], 0x00
jmp .clr_buf_loop
.exit :
ret
; x86 code end
;******************************************
; set the required disk space we need
times (4096 - ($ - $$)) db 0x00
;******************************************
; data sections
;******************************************
; read only data section
section .rodata
__STACK__ dd 0x00FFFFFF
__HEAP__ dd 0x00008C24
BUFSIZE dd 512
; key codes
ENTER_KEY db 0x1C
DELETE_KEY db 0x0E
KEYCODE_1 db 0x02
KEYCODE_2 db 0x03
KEYCODE_3 db 0x04
KEYCODE_4 db 0x05
KEYCODE_5 db 0x06
KEYCODE_6 db 0x07
KEYCODE_7 db 0x08
KEYCODE_8 db 0x09
;******************************************
; initialized data section
section .data
number dd 0
decimal_pos dd 0
NEWLINE db 0
X dd 0
Y dd 0
number_1 dd 0
number_2 dd 0
result dd 0
os_msg db '! 80x86 Operating System !', 0
calc_msg db '[ x86 Calculator Program ]', 0
menu_str db '!--- Menu ---!', 0
addition_menu db '1] Addition', 0
substraction_menu db '2] Substraction', 0
multiplication_menu db '3] Multiplication', 0
division_menu db '4] Division', 0
modulus_menu db '5] Modulus', 0
logicaland_menu db '6] Logical AND', 0
logicalor_menu db '7] Logical OR', 0
clear_screen_menu db '8] Clear Screen', 0
select_choice_str db 'Enter your choice : ', 0
invalid_choice_str db 'Invalid choice', 0
error_msg db 'Error : Please enter only numerics', 0
addition db 'Addition : ', 0
substraction db 'Substraction : ', 0
multiplication db 'Multiplication : ', 0
division db 'Division : ', 0
modulus db 'Modulus : ', 0
logicaland db 'Logical AND : ', 0
logicalor db 'Logical OR : ', 0
enter_first_number db 'Enter first number : ', 0
enter_second_number db 'Enter Second number : ', 0
reload_screen_msg db 'Press any key to reload screen...', 0
;******************************************
; block started by symbol(bss) section
section .bss
BUFFER resb 512
choice resb 1
KEYCODE resb 1
KEYCHAR resb 1
;*******************************************
