Apache Camel appears to fit the bill.
Indeed the Apache Camel is a great integration framework. And that's the point. It is a framework, not a product. So there are multiple ways to run the Camel flows. As a web app, as a standalone app, as a part if our own code. Camel itself is pretty agnostic to the way you run the flows and that's why you don't have very specific way enforced in the web site.
If you want an out of box product, which can generate containerized deployments with Apache Camel, you could have a look at Apache ServiceMix, Apache Karaf or it's supported RedHat Fuse.
Is it acceptable and practical to run Camel in a container, and where could I find more information about it?
It is perfectly fine.
Question: Can you (are you able) to create a docker container with your (any other) application?. Based on the question this skill is lacking and I really suggest to learn it.
You may check folowing post https://medium.com/@wkrzywiec/how-to-put-your-java-application-into-docker-container-5e0a02acdd6b
FROM java:8-jdk-alpine
COPY ./target/myapp.jar /usr/app/myapp.jar
WORKDIR /usr/app
EXPOSE 8080
ENTRYPOINT ["java", "-jar", "myapp.jar"]
Let's assume you can run your ETL tasks as a standalone application, then just run it in the container as any other standalone application.
it we would like to avoid the setup and maintenance required by Virtual Machines
Question: how do you distribute your camel tasks? I mean - what is result of your build? A war file? A standalone app?
To build a web app you could see https://www.baeldung.com/spring-apache-camel-tutorial
The most convenient way to deploy a war file in AWS is AWS Beanstalk service.
If you build a standalone application (or use servicemix) and you can build a container, then indeed ECS or Fargate seem as natural options.