Got it working! The stored procedure of interest needs parameters of varieties of types - UUID, Boolean, string and Table-valued parameters.
For each of the table-valued parameters, a new SQLServerDataTable was created, and data fed from a JDBC request's "Result Variable Name".
String ConnStr = "jdbc:sqlserver://<servername>;databaseName=<DBname>;integratedSecurity=true;"
Connection connection = DriverManager.getConnection(ConnStr);
String sql = "EXEC dbo.prInsertUpdateEntity ?,?,?,?,?,?";
UUID VCID = UUID.fromString("842a50d9-4091-4c8f-9f04-a853356c7b29");
PreparedStatement stmt = connection.prepareStatement(sql);
stmt.setObject(1,VCID);
stmt.setBoolean(2,true);
stmt.setString(3,"Username");
((SQLServerPreparedStatement) stmt).setStructured(4,"dbo.Termtype",TT);
((SQLServerPreparedStatement) stmt).setStructured(5,"dbo.Descriptortype",Desc);
((SQLServerPreparedStatement) stmt).setStructured(6,"dbo.SemanticType",ST);
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery();