You can do it with string functions and implicit conversions of strings to integers:
SELECT SUBSTR(datecol, -4) || '/' ||
SUBSTR('0' || (SUBSTR(datecol, INSTR(datecol, '/') + 1) + 0), -2) || '/' ||
SUBSTR('0' || (datecol + 0), -2) date
FROM tablename
Change datecol
to the name of your column.
If you want to update the column it is better to use the format 'YYYY-MM-DD' which is the only valid text date format for SQLite:
UPDATE tablename
SET datecol = SUBSTR(datecol, -4) || '-' ||
SUBSTR('0' || (SUBSTR(datecol, INSTR(datecol, '/') + 1) + 0), -2) || '-' ||
SUBSTR('0' || (datecol + 0), -2)
See a simplified demo.