I am learning how to solve systems of differential equations in Python. I took a code from online (https://scipy-cookbook.readthedocs.io/items/CoupledSpringMassSystem.html) and tried to run it. I get the error message: "cannot import name 'hold' from 'pylab'". I am not sure what is wrong with the code. Can anyone tell me what is incorrect in the code below:
from numpy import loadtxt
from pylab import figure, plot, xlabel, grid, hold, legend, title, savefig
from matplotlib.font_manager import FontProperties
def vectorfield(w, t, p):
"""
Defines the differential equations for the coupled spring-mass system.
Arguments:
w : vector of the state variables:
w = [x1,y1,x2,y2]
t : time
p : vector of the parameters:
p = [m1,m2,k1,k2,L1,L2,b1,b2]
"""
x1, y1, x2, y2 = w
m1, m2, k1, k2, L1, L2, b1, b2 = p
# Create f = (x1',y1',x2',y2'):
f = [y1,
(-b1 * y1 - k1 * (x1 - L1) + k2 * (x2 - x1 - L2)) / m1,
y2,
(-b2 * y2 - k2 * (x2 - x1 - L2)) / m2]
return f
# Use ODEINT to solve the differential equations defined by the vector field
from scipy.integrate import odeint
# Parameter values
# Masses:
m1 = 1.0
m2 = 1.5
# Spring constants
k1 = 8.0
k2 = 40.0
# Natural lengths
L1 = 0.5
L2 = 1.0
# Friction coefficients
b1 = 0.8
b2 = 0.5
# Initial conditions
# x1 and x2 are the initial displacements; y1 and y2 are the initial velocities
x1 = 0.5
y1 = 0.0
x2 = 2.25
y2 = 0.0
# ODE solver parameters
abserr = 1.0e-8
relerr = 1.0e-6
stoptime = 10.0
numpoints = 250
# Create the time samples for the output of the ODE solver.
# I use a large number of points, only because I want to make
# a plot of the solution that looks nice.
t = [stoptime * float(i) / (numpoints - 1) for i in range(numpoints)]
# Pack up the parameters and initial conditions:
p = [m1, m2, k1, k2, L1, L2, b1, b2]
w0 = [x1, y1, x2, y2]
# Call the ODE solver.
wsol = odeint(vectorfield, w0, t, args=(p,),
atol=abserr, rtol=relerr)
with open('two_springs.dat', 'w') as f:
# Print & save the solution.
for t1, w1 in zip(t, wsol):
print(f, t1, w1[0], w1[1], w1[2], w1[3])
# Plot the solution that was generated
t, x1, xy, x2, y2 = loadtxt('two_springs.dat', unpack=True)
figure(1, figsize=(6, 4.5))
xlabel('t')
grid(True)
hold(True)
lw = 1
plot(t, x1, 'b', linewidth=lw)
plot(t, x2, 'g', linewidth=lw)
legend((r'$x_1$', r'$x_2$'), prop=FontProperties(size=16))
title('Mass Displacements for the\nCoupled Spring-Mass System')
savefig('two_springs.png', dpi=100)
