Assuming you are coming from Javascript world (as you could have done this by looking at adb logs), this should be what you are looking for
adb shell am start -a com.google.android.apps.chrome.webapps.WebappManager.ACTION_START_WEBAPP -n com.android.chrome/org.chromium.chrome.browser.webapps.WebappLauncherActivity --es "org.chromium.chrome.browser.webapp_url" "{your_url}" --es "org.chromium.chrome.browser.webapp_mac" "{webapp_mac}"
Note that this url has to match the url/url-ending you have mentioned in the start_url that you have mentioned in the manifest.json of yours, else it will just open it as another chrome tab.
Another caveat here is you have to pass web app mac validation check, which is done by the core android class mentioned here - WebappAuthenticator
Chrome does not keep a store of valid URLs for installed web apps
(because it cannot know when any have been uninstalled). Therefore,
upon installation, it tells the Launcher a message authentication code
(MAC) along with the URL for the web app, and then Chrome can verify
the MAC when starting e.g. {@link #FullScreenActivity}. Chrome can
thus distinguish between legitimate, installed web apps and arbitrary
other URLs.
I gave it a shot to open one of the webapps I own. I gave up after a bit, getting lost in the cryptic algos. Maybe you will have some luck with it. All the best!!!