You can use glob to 'glob' the file names into a list: Python glob is here https://docs.python.org/3/library/glob.html - but it's a general expression for using wildcard expansion in the (*nix) filesystem [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glob_(programming)]. I assume it works under windows :)
Then you just loop over the files. Hey presto!
import glob
from pdf2image import convert_from_path
poppler_path = r"E:/software/poppler-0.67.0/bin"
pdf_filenames = glob.glob('/path/to/image_dir/*.pdf')
for pdf_filename in pdf_filenames:
images = convert_from_path(pdf_filename, poppler_path=poppler_path)
for i in range(len(images)):
images[i].save(f"{pdf_filename}{i}.jpg", 'JPEG')
!TIP: f"{pdf_filename}{i}.jpg"
is a python f-string
which gives a the reader a better idea of what the string will look like eventually. You might want to zero pad the integers there, because at some point you might want to 'glob' those or some such. There are lots of ways to achieve that - see How to pad zeroes to a string? for example.