My computer has an x86_64 processor, but the principle is the same. I'm using gcc 9.3.0.
I copied your code into a file called main.c and compiled it to assembly with gcc -S main.c. It produced the file main.s with the following contents:
.file "main.c"
.text
.section .rodata
.LC0:
.string "Hello World!"
.text
.globl main
.type main, @function
main:
.LFB0:
.cfi_startproc
endbr64
pushq %rbp
.cfi_def_cfa_offset 16
.cfi_offset 6, -16
movq %rsp, %rbp
.cfi_def_cfa_register 6
leaq .LC0(%rip), %rdi
movl $0, %eax
call printf@PLT
movl $0, %eax
popq %rbp
.cfi_def_cfa 7, 8
ret
.cfi_endproc
.LFE0:
.size main, .-main
.ident "GCC: (Ubuntu 9.3.0-17ubuntu1~20.04) 9.3.0"
.section .note.GNU-stack,"",@progbits
.section .note.gnu.property,"a"
.align 8
.long 1f - 0f
.long 4f - 1f
.long 5
0:
.string "GNU"
1:
.align 8
.long 0xc0000002
.long 3f - 2f
2:
.long 0x3
3:
.align 8
4:
There are a lot of assembler directives here that can make it confusing to read, so I assembled it into an object file (gcc -c main.s) and then ran objdump -d main.o to disassemble it. Here is the output of the disassembly:
main.o: file format elf64-x86-64
Disassembly of section .text:
0000000000000000 <main>:
0: f3 0f 1e fa endbr64
4: 55 push %rbp
5: 48 89 e5 mov %rsp,%rbp
8: 48 8d 3d 00 00 00 00 lea 0x0(%rip),%rdi # f <main+0xf>
f: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax
14: e8 00 00 00 00 callq 19 <main+0x19>
19: b8 00 00 00 00 mov $0x0,%eax
1e: 5d pop %rbp
1f: c3 retq
The first three instructions here are boilerplate, so we'll ignore them. The first interesting instruction is
lea 0x0(%rip),%rdi
This is meant to load the address of the "Hello World!" string into register %rdi. Confusingly, it appears to simply be copying %rip into %rdi.
The next instruction puts a 0 into register %eax. I actually don't know why this is, but it's not really relevant to this discussion.
Then comes the actual call to printf:
callq 19 <main+0x19>
Once again, this uses an address that doesn't seem correct. You may notice that address 0x19 actually points to the next instruction.
The next 3 instructions basically perform the final return 0.
To really answer your question we need to look at more than just assembly code. At this point I would recommend taking some time to research the format of ELF files. I would consider that topic to be beyond the scope of this answer, but it will help you understand what I'm about to show you.
I first want to point out that in both your assembly and mine, the "Hello World!" string is preceded by this directive:
.section .rodata
whereas the main function is preceded by
.text
which is shorthand for
.section .text
These directives instruct the assembler on how to arrange the code and data in the object file. You can see this by printing the section headers of the object file:
$ readelf -S main.o
There are 14 section headers, starting at offset 0x318:
Section Headers:
[Nr] Name Type Address Offset
Size EntSize Flags Link Info Align
[ 0] NULL 0000000000000000 00000000
0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0 0 0
[ 1] .text PROGBITS 0000000000000000 00000040
0000000000000020 0000000000000000 AX 0 0 1
[ 2] .rela.text RELA 0000000000000000 00000258
0000000000000030 0000000000000018 I 11 1 8
[ 3] .data PROGBITS 0000000000000000 00000060
0000000000000000 0000000000000000 WA 0 0 1
[ 4] .bss NOBITS 0000000000000000 00000060
0000000000000000 0000000000000000 WA 0 0 1
[ 5] .rodata PROGBITS 0000000000000000 00000060
000000000000000d 0000000000000000 A 0 0 1
[ 6] .comment PROGBITS 0000000000000000 0000006d
000000000000002b 0000000000000001 MS 0 0 1
[ 7] .note.GNU-stack PROGBITS 0000000000000000 00000098
0000000000000000 0000000000000000 0 0 1
[ 8] .note.gnu.propert NOTE 0000000000000000 00000098
0000000000000020 0000000000000000 A 0 0 8
[ 9] .eh_frame PROGBITS 0000000000000000 000000b8
0000000000000038 0000000000000000 A 0 0 8
[10] .rela.eh_frame RELA 0000000000000000 00000288
0000000000000018 0000000000000018 I 11 9 8
[11] .symtab SYMTAB 0000000000000000 000000f0
0000000000000138 0000000000000018 12 10 8
[12] .strtab STRTAB 0000000000000000 00000228
000000000000002a 0000000000000000 0 0 1
[13] .shstrtab STRTAB 0000000000000000 000002a0
0000000000000074 0000000000000000 0 0 1
Key to Flags:
W (write), A (alloc), X (execute), M (merge), S (strings), I (info),
L (link order), O (extra OS processing required), G (group), T (TLS),
C (compressed), x (unknown), o (OS specific), E (exclude),
l (large), p (processor specific)
If you can figure out how to read this output, you will see that the .text section is 0x20 bytes in size (which matches the above disassembly output), and the .rodata section is 0xd (13) bytes in size (i.e. strlen("Hello World!") plus a null byte). The answer your question, however, is in the relocation data:
$ readelf -r main.o
Relocation section '.rela.text' at offset 0x258 contains 2 entries:
Offset Info Type Sym. Value Sym. Name + Addend
00000000000b 000500000002 R_X86_64_PC32 0000000000000000 .rodata - 4
000000000015 000c00000004 R_X86_64_PLT32 0000000000000000 printf - 4
Relocation section '.rela.eh_frame' at offset 0x288 contains 1 entry:
Offset Info Type Sym. Value Sym. Name + Addend
000000000020 000200000002 R_X86_64_PC32 0000000000000000 .text + 0
This output is also very confusing to read if you don't know what it means. The first thing to understand is that the relocation sections tell the linker about places in the code that depend on symbols, either in other sections of the same file, or, more frequently, symbols that are defined in other files. The .rela.text section, for example, contains relocation information about the .text section. When this object file is linked into the final executable, the linker will overwrite part of the .text section with the missing addresses.
So, looking at the first entry under .rela.text, we see an offset of 0xb. Looking at the disassembly, we can see that offset 0xb references the fourth byte of the lea instruction's 7-byte encoding. The type, R_X86_64_PC32, tells us that that instruction is expecting a 32-bit PC-relative address, so we can expect the linker to overwrite the next 4 bytes (currently all 0). The rightmost column tells us, in human readable format, that this address needs to be populated with the address of the .rodata section minus 4 (with PC-relative addressing you have to remember that the PC will be pointing at the next instruction). It leaves out the fact, implicit for relocation type R_X86_64_PC32, that it will then subtract from that the final address of byte 0xb in the .text section, which will make that a valid PC-relative pointer to the "Hello World!" string data.
Similarly, the second entry tells the linker to copy the address of printf (minus 4) to offset 0x15 in the .text section, which would be the last 4 bytes of the callq instruction encoding. In this case, the type is R_X86_64_PLT32, which tells us that it's pointing to an entry in the procedure linkage table (PLT). A PLT is used for dynamic linking so that shared object libraries (in this case libc.so) can be loaded into physical memory once and shared by many running executables.
As a note, that might answer some of your specific questions, your compiler automatically links all the runtime libraries needed to execute a program. This includes any standard library functions, which would be part of libc.so. The only way to run without "external dependencies" would be to run on a bare-metal system (i.e. one without an operating system). Any operating system you use will have to do some amount of work to get your program to the start of main().
